antibacterial effectiveness of nano mangosteen peel extract as a photosensitizer in photodynamic inactivation of 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑎 and 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑠 bacteria

This study explores the use of mangosteen peel extract and blue laser irradiation to address antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa), aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of various concentrations. the study involved two groups: a control group and a treatment group. the control group did not receive any treatment. in contrast, the treatment group consisted of three subgroups: s. aureus and p. aeruginosa bacteria exposed to a laser, treated by mangosteen peel extract, and treated by both. after 30 minutes of incubation, the samples were exposed to radiation, and they were then incubated once again for a full day. the data were analyzed using two-way anova and tukey post hoc tests. irradiation of s. aureus with a 405 nm blue diode laser for 180 seconds, combined with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations of mangosteen rind extract (garcinia mangostana l.), resulted in bacterial reductions of 78.28±3.51%, 81.06±3.94%, and 82.41±3.70%, respectively. similarly, irradiation of p. aeruginosa with a 405 nm blue diode laser for 180 seconds, combined with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations of mangosteen rind extract, led to bacterial reductions of 82.21±4.07%, 85.58±3.92%, and 86.70±4.09%, respectively. at an energy density of 3.44 j/cm², the addition of mangosteen peel extract (garcinia mangostana l.) resulted in the inactivation of s. aureus bacteria by 82.41±3.70%, while for p. aeruginosa, the inactivation was 86.70±4.09%. these values represent the mean bacterial reduction ± standard deviation, indicating the consistency and reproducibility of the antibacterial effect across repeated experiments.