the association between glial fibrillary acidic protein, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, and neuron-specific enolase serum levels with traumatic brain injury outcome

Traumatic brain injury (tbi) represents a significant global health challenge. it is one of the leading causes of disability among young adults and a primary contributor to death worldwide. a total of ninety-nine tbi patients were selected for blood sampling, which was examined using the elisa method to determine the serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), neuron-specific enolase (nse), and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pnfh). three months after the tbi, the patients’ recovery was measured using the glasgow outcome scale (gos). data were analyzed by performing diagnostic tests and conducting bivariate analysis to examine the relationship between biomarkers and tbi outcomes. eighty-nine (89) patients had good outcomes, while only 10 patients had poor outcomes. the results of the serum examinations were grouped based on the cut-off point values associated with the tbi outcomes. after analysis, it was found that the serum levels of gfap, nse, and pnfh in the blood of the tbi patients did not show a significant relationship with the patients’ outcomes (p = 0.311, 0.747, and 1.000). according to the results, the biomarkers gfap, nse, and pnfh did not demonstrate a significant relationship with tbi outcomes.