xanthine oxidase inhibitor activity of apigenin from terap (𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑠 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑜) leaves 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜 and 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜

Indonesia is home to a wide variety of plants with medicinal potential, including terap (artocarpus odoratissimus blanco), which shows promise as a treatment for gout. this potential is suggested by the chemical constituents found in other parts of the plant and chemotaxonomic observations indicating that other species within the artocarpus genus possess compounds capable of inhibiting the xanthine oxidase enzyme. however, the therapeutic potential of terap remains insufficiently supported by scientific data. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the active compounds in the leaves of a. odoratissimus as inhibitors of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. the research involved extraction and isolation of active compounds, followed by characterization and structure elucidation using spectroscopic techniques (uv-vis, ftir, nmr, and ms). further testing included in vitro and in silico evaluations for xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibition. the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, leading to the isolation of apigenin (ic50 = 13.45 μm), which demonstrated strong and stable interactions with the enzyme, with a binding free energy of -7.4 kcal/mol. pharmacokinetic profiling in silico revealed that apigenin is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, is moderately distributed (vdss = 0.37), and inhibits several cytochrome enzymes (cyp1a2, cyp3a4, and cyp2d6) involved in metabolism. it also has a short half-life (0.86 hours) and a clearance rate smaller than allopurinol (7.02 ml/min/kg). toxicity predictions indicated that apigenin is relatively safe, exhibiting no mutagenic or carcinogenic effects and being classified as non-toxic.