acute toxicity assessment of nano-herbal senduduk bulu (𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎) in zebrafish (𝐷𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜): lc50 determination and histopathological analysis

This study investigates the toxicological effects of nano-herbal m. crenata, widely utilized in traditional medicine on zebrafish, with a focus on toxicity dynamics relative to exposure duration. the lc50 values decreased significantly from 804.721 mg/l at 24 hours to 270.197 mg/l at 96 hours, classifying the toxicity as moderate. histopathological assessments revealed dose-dependent morphological alterations in major organs. in the liver, vacuolation and lipid accumulation within hepatocytes suggested hepatocellular dysfunction. the brain exhibited neuroinflammation signs, while the kidneys showed tubular necrosis and hyaline droplet accumulation. furthermore, severe degradation of intestinal villi was observed. these pathological results indicate pronounced cellular stress and impaired organ function, emphasizing the critical need to establish safe dosage thresholds and exposure limits for nano-herbal formulations. as one of the first in vivo toxicological evaluations of nano-herbal m. crenata, this study provides foundational data to support the safe therapeutic use of this formulation and contributes to the development of evidence-based regulatory standards for nano-herbal medicines.