prognostic impact of dose-dependent exosomes derived from mscs on the association between sod and ho-1 with immunomodulators and fibrotic markers in acute lung injury

Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are nanovesicles released extracellularly, with growing evidence supporting their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. limited investigations have explored the optimal dose and influence of msc-derived exosomes on pulmonary injury. the current study investigated the correlation between the anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (sod) and heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) in three doses of msc-derived exosomes (50, 100, and 200 µg) and their association with multiple immune mediators in acute lung injury. exosomes were administered to sprague dawley rats after induction of pulmonary injury with bleomycin. elisa, colorimetric assays, qrt-pcr, and immunohistochemical studies were used to measure gene expression and protein levels. pulmonary tissue architecture was restored with increased levels of anti-oxidant enzymes sod and ho-1, while the anti-apoptotic marker bcl2 was upregulated. oxidant, inflammatory, and fibrotic genes were significantly reduced, with the greatest effect observed at the 200 µg dose. the correlation of sod and ho-1 was inverse linear with caspase 3, cd14, and inos, reducing inflammation and apoptosis. this correlation was curvilinear with bcl2 and inverse linear with p53, mtor, mda, il6, fibronectin, il13, and p70s6kinase, inhibiting cell adhesion, extracellular matrix deposition, and myofibroblast release. these findings underscore the therapeutic potential of msc-derived exosomes in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in acute lung injury, offering a promising avenue for developing targeted therapies.