the association between insulin-like growth factor-1 and thyroid dysfunction in tuberculosis: a critical review

Tuberculosis (tb) is a global health issue that particularly affects to children and leads to malnutrition, endocrine disorders, and immunological dysfunction. chronic infections such as tuberculosis affect thyroid hormone levels and igf-1, impacting cell formation, metabolism, and immunological function. it is unknown if thyroid dysfunction and igf-1 are related to tuberculosis. this review analyzes and assembles thyroid and igf-1 abnormalities in patients with tuberculosis. in this review, we utilized several databases such as pubmed, scopus, and web of science to assess the immune function, growth, nutritional status, thyroid hormone abnormalities, and igf-1 levels in patients with tuberculosis. clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, measurements of thyroid hormone levels, english articles, peer-reviewed publications, and non-english publications are included in the review. this study summarized the most recent data regarding thyroid hormones and igf-1 in tuberculosis and evaluated the effects of tuberculosis-induced inflammation on igf-1 and thyroid hormone levels, thyroid dysfunction, and the decrease of igf-1 in tuberculosis, along with the potential consequences of these hormonal alterations on immune response, growth, and nutrition in patients with tuberculosis.