effect of robust garut coffee (coffea canephora) on the sperm morphology of wistar rats exposed to e-cigarette smokes

Currently, e-cigarettes are popular because they are safer than traditional cigarettes. the e-liquids in e-cigarettes contain harmful compounds that are released during combustion. extended exposure may lead to the accumulation of free radicals, leading to lower sperm quality, including morphology. coffee contains antioxidants, which can help the body eliminate excess free radicals. this study aimed to determine how coffee affects sperm morphology in wistar rats (rattus novergicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke. this study employed a post-test control group design. the samples were 28 male wistar rats divided into four groups. the (-) control group did not receive any treatment. the (+) control group only received e-cigarette smoke. group p1 was exposed to e-cigarette smoke and administered 180 mg/ 3 ml coffee solution daily. group p2 was exposed to e-cigarettes and 360 mg/3 ml of coffee solution daily. the mice were exposed for eight hours per day. the coffee solution was subsequently delivered into a stomach-feeding tube. the therapy lasted 28 days. on the 29th day, all wistar rats were euthanized, and the sperm morphology of the samples was assessed. the mean values of the sperm morphological samples are k(-)=91.00%, k(+)=90.14%, p1=90.42%, and p2=92.29%. one-way anova indicated no significant differences among the four treatment groups (p=0.648). the findings showed that the robusta garut extract solution did not affect the sperm morphology of wistar rats (rattus novergicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke.