visceral manipulation in resources of persian medicine

Persian medicine applies various types of treatment, from changing lifestyle (known as setteh-e-zarurieh)to using medicines and manual interventions. manual interventions have various types and indicationsin persian medicine. visceral manipulation is one of them, which is defined as applying techniquesto the viscera or the structures that support it in the case of disturbed motility or mobility relatedto a visceral system and the associated elements. herein, persian medicine manuscripts were searchedto find available information about visceral manipulation. there are many similarities between basicprinciples of visceral manipulation and persian medicine. persian medicine scholars have explainedabout anatomy of fascia and its components many years ago, which are very close to what today’sknowledge is. most probably, one of the very first scholars who has mentioned the idea of visceralmanipulation is avicenna (980–1037 ce). in his canon of medicine, avicenna mentioned ghamz as atreatment for liver injury. the available in vitro and animal studies support the positive effects of visceralmanipulation. persian medicine scholars had detected nerve fibers and collagen which are fasciacomponents. they are pioneer in this regard, too.