the impact of variable practice and feedback frequency on motor memory consolidation in older adults

Background: while practice variability and feedback frequency are known to influence motor learning, their combined effects on long-term memory consolidation in aging populations remain less understood. objectives: this study investigates how constant versus variable practice schedules, coupled with different knowledge-of-results (kr) feedback frequencies, impact motor memory consolidation in older adults. by examining retention performance across short- and long-term intervals, this research provides practical insights for designing effective motor rehabilitation and training protocols for the elderly. methods: in this applied semi-experimental study, 72 older adults (mean age = 65.3 ± 4.76 years) were selected through purposeful sampling. participants were assigned to six experimental groups (n = 12 per group): three variable practice groups (receiving kr feedback at 25%, 50%, or 75% frequencies) and three constant practice groups (with matched feedback frequencies). all groups completed eight practice blocks, each consisting of 15 dart-throwing attempts. retention tests were conducted after 30 minutes and 24 hours, with each test involving 15 attempts. results: both practice type and feedback frequency significantly influenced skill acquisition and retention. the constant practice group with 75% feedback and a 24-hour rest interval exhibited the strongest motor memory consolidation, whereas the variable practice group with 25% feedback demonstrated the weakest retention. conclusions: constant practice combined with higher feedback frequency enhances motor skill retention in older adults, promoting more robust motor memory consolidation. these findings highlight the importance of structured practice and frequent feedback in geriatric motor rehabilitation programs.