ever-expanding role of battery chemistry in sustainable development: from electrochemical cells to climate solutions

Since alessandro volta invented the voltaic pile in 1800, battery technology has undergone remarkable scientific progress, leading to the development of modern lithium-ion batteries. the foundation of the lithium-ion batteries was laid by the gaston planté lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries, distinguished for their extended life cycle, minimal self-discharge, and superior energy density. presently, batteries with lithium metal oxide cathodes and graphite anodes power electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and large-scale energy storage. the present research in the advancement of lithium-ion batteries corresponds to the innovations in lithium-ion, solid-state, and post-lithium chemistries, including lithium-air and lithium sulphur, advocating superior energy density, safety, and cost optimizations. correspondingly, sodium-ion batteries offered sustainability and economic benefits, whereas silicon anodes exhibit enhanced storage capacities than lithium-ion batteries. the establishment and advancements in battery science have progressed the development of electric vehicles in reducing emissions; however, the exigency of lithium, cobalt, and nickel has impacted mining practices, necessitating a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. this impact has prompted research into challenges encountered, including the formation of dendrites and material undersupply, offering recycling solutions, safety improvements, and optimized materials. with the progresses in material science, manufacturing technology, and battery management systems, this reviews aims to explore the enhancements in electric vehicle technologies, sustainable mining practices, and renewable energy incorporation proceeding towards a low-carbon and sustainable future.