synthesis of spinel ferrites and their composites: a comprehensive review on synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and photocatalytic applications

Spinel ferrites (mfe2o4) have emerged as promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants due to their unique properties, including abundant surface-active sites, cost-effectiveness, improved light-corrosion resistance, and exceptional recyclability. however, the relatively narrow bandgap of mfe2o4 accelerates the recombination of charge carriers, lowering its photocatalytic efficiency. to enhance the photocatalytic behavior of spinel ferrites, incorporation with carbonaceous materials like graphene oxide (go), reduced graphene oxide (rgo), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-c3n4) is employed. this review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and photocatalytic applications of spinel ferrites and their composites. future perspectives and challenges, including the investigation of innovative applications and environmental impact assessment, are also discussed. this review aims to provide valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art and future directions in the field of spinel ferrites and their composites for photocatalytic applications.