phyto-nanotechnology for cancer therapy: a review of plant-mediated organic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery

The integration of nanotechnology with the development of green synthesis using plant extracts has created a new avenue for cancer treatment, with minimal disruption to the ecosystem. this review outlines the role of biocompatible and efficient green-synthesized nanoparticles in advancing cancer treatment with less or no toxicity to the environment. the discussion begins with an overview of cancer therapy, the transformative potential of nanotechnology, and the scope of green synthesis in nanomedicine. the principles and mechanisms of green synthesis are discussed, focusing on the key role of phytochemicals in nanoparticle formation. various types of nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts are discussed in detail, including metallic (gold, silver, and iron oxide), metal oxides, and hybrid nanoparticles, along with their unique attributes. this review further dwells on plant sources, including medicinal plants, edible plants, algae, and other derivatives, which have been seen as a sustainable resource for the synthesis of nanoparticles. characterization techniques such as morphological, structural, optical, and surface stability analyses have been discussed to provide insight into the properties of these nanoparticles. their biomedical applications in cancer therapy, especially as targeted drug delivery systems and their synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents, are on the frontline in underlining their therapeutic potential. plant-synthesized nanoparticles were also critically analysed for cytotoxicity, bio-distribution, and biocompatibility concerning toxicity and safety. furthermore, it discusses challenges and future directions. this review epitomizes the role of plant-based nano-medicine in changing the face of cancer therapy for superior, greener, and patient-friendly treatments.