طالبان و بازیابی حاکمیت: جنبش قوی، دولت‌ملت ضعیف

سقوط دولت افغانستان در 24 مرداد 1400 و ظهور دوبارۀ «امارت اسلامیِ» طالبان بدون مقاومت جدی از سوی نیروهای نظامی، غیرمنتظره‌ترین رویداد سال بود. پرسش این است که چگونه می‌توان قدرت‌گیری دوبارۀ طالبان را تحلیل کرد؟ در پژوهش حاضر به شیوۀ توصیفی‌تحلیلی تلاش می‌کنیم در طرح‌واره‌ای چندسویه، به این پرسش پاسخ دهیم. به ‌این‌منظور این فرضیه را مبنا قرار می‌دهیم که جنبش قومی‌مذهبی طالبان با اتکا به عنصر عصبیت، در بستر جامعه‌ای گسسته و دولت ورشکسته و تقارن با شرایط مناسب بین‌المللی، موفق به تسخیر دوبارۀ حکومت در افغانستان شد. در توجیه این فرض، امکانات تحلیلی نظریه‌های مختلف‌ را دربارۀ دگرگونی انقلابی در قالب یک چارچوب نظری ترکیبی به‌کار می‌گیریم. اضلاع این چارچوب نظری عبارت‌اند از: مفهوم عصبیت در نظریۀ سنتی دگرگونی انقلابی، نظریۀ بسیج منابع در جامعۀ گسسته، مفهوم دولت ورشکسته و نقش محیط بین‌الملل در تحولات انقلابی. در اثر هم‌نشینی عوامل چهارگانه (انسجام عصبیت ‌بنیاد جنش طالبان، ازهم‌گسیختگی اجتماعی جامعه، ورشکستگی دولت افغانستان و مدارا و کمک بازیگران خارجی) طالبان بدون مواجهه با مقاومت جدی قدرت را به‌دست گرفت. شیوۀ وقوع این تحول، به‌لحاظ شکلی به سبک انقلاب‌های شرقی (پیشرَوی از پیرامون) شباهت داشت. نتیجه اینکه، علت موفقیت طالبان در بازیابی حاکمیت خود بر افغانستان را می‌توان در تقارن جنبش قوی و دولت‌ملت ضعیف دانست: ضعف‌های متعدد دولت افغانستان و نبود یکپارچگی ملی به موازات انسجام ناشی از وحدت قومی‌مذهبی طالبان.

taliban and retrieving the sovereignty: strong movement, weak nation-state

of the most unexpected events in the year, 2021 was the collapse of the afghanistan government, on august 15th, 2021, and the re-emergence of the taliban’s islamic state (islamic emirate of afghanistan) without facing up serious resistance from the state and society. how can one analyze the taliban`s takeover of the country? this is the central question that guides the analytical narration in the text. the present research attempts to come up with a multi-faceted scheme to respond to the question. in this regard, the paper hypothesizes that the taliban movement managed to retrieve its sovereignty owing to symmetry of some factors: its internal social solidarity/ coherence in the context of afghanistan’s segmented society and failed state, and connivance in the international environment as well. to justify the hypothesis, the paper takes advantage of some theoretical approaches under a combinative theoretical framework. the constituents are as follows: the concept of ‘asabiyyah’ (social solidarity in ibn khalodn’s sense of the word), ‘resource mobilization theory, the quadruple crisis of the regime, and the role of the international environment in revolutionary transformation. according to the framework, the taliban`s mobility to conquer the country was proceeding continually because of internal social solidarity driven by its ethnic (pashtunism) and religious (deobandi salafi) foundations. it is whilst, on the contrary, there had been a segmented society and failed state due to a crisis in the process of nation-state building. consequently, not only was there were lack of national solidarity and united orientation against the coherent ethnoreligious movement of the taliban, but also the taliban utilized the government’s inefficacies and miss-functions (such as juncture and corruption in the political system) to mobilize the followers and attract the potential ones among the disappointed people. in terms of the process of capturing the country, the taliban’s mobility pattern showed some formal similarities to ‘eastern revolutions’ (in huntington’s sense of the word); that is, launching from the periphery to the capital. having learned from the past, the taliban came up with a more pragmatic orientation in its second round. while showing a tendency to negotiate with internal and foreign effective agents in the political environment of afghanistan, the taliban aimed to represent a modified picture of the movement compared to the long-standing violent image. to sum up, the causes of the taliban`s success in re-taking political power can be narrated as the symmetry of the strong movement and the weak nation-state; the ethnoreligious social solidarity of the taliban, and the lack of national solidarity and efficient government. afghanistan went through difficult times in 2021. it was not yet summer when those provinces came under the pressure of the taliban fighting forces and then dominoes fell one after another until the taliban forces reached the gates of kabul. finally, in the middle of august, to the surprise of the world, the capital fell and the taliban managed to seize power in afghanistan for the second time and start a rapid transformation in the afghan political system in order to revive the islamic emirate that was overthrown in 2001.