خشونت‌های قومی-مذهبی در خاورمیانه عربی از منظر بحران دولت-ملت‌سازی

خشونت‌های قومی و مذهبی در عصر پسا جنگ سرد به مهم‌ترین واقعیت تلخ در بسیاری از جوامع تبدیل شده‌اند. در عصر حاضر، رواج و اشاعه تعارض‌های هویتی سبب شده‌اند مباحث ژئوپلیتیکی تا حد قابل توجهی رنگ و بوی ژئوکالچری بیابند و سیاست بین‌الملل نیز عمدتاً ماهیت هویتی بیابد. خاورمیانه با اختصاص یک چهارم خشونت و کشمکش‌های قومی و مذهبی جهان به خود، در بین مناطق گوناگون جهان به کانون محوری سیاست و تعارض‌های هویتی مبدل شده است. این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات تبیینی بوده و با روش علی تحلیلی و رویکرد نظری جامعه ‌شناختی تاریخی سیاسی انجام شده است. پرسش تحقیق آن است که مهم‌ترین دلایل و عوامل جامعه ‌شناختی و داخلی تاثیرگذار بر تشدید تروریسم و خشونت‌های قومی مذهبی در خاورمیانه عربی از اواخر دهه 1990 به این سو کدامند؟ فرضیه تحقیق به این صورت طرح می‌شود: با تمرکز بر رویکرد جامعه‌شناختی تاریخی سیاسی، می‌توان گفت بحران دولت، ملت‌سازی و بحران هویت و مشروعیت سیاسی ناشی از آن، نقش ماهوی، ژرف و مهم در ایجاد و بسترسازی برای تروریسم و خشونت قومی مذهبی داشته است. البته نگارنده بر این باور است که همانند هر پدیده اجتماعی دیگر، خشونت هم بایستی چند علتی نگریسته شود اما ضرورت ژرف‌کاوی می‌طلبد که موضوع با تمرکز بر یک یا دو عامل تبیین و توضیح داده شود. مهم‌ترین یافته این تحقیق آن است که در خاورمیانه عربی، خشونت قومی و مذهبی که اکنون بیش‌تر از گذشته فوران یافته است دارای عقبه تاریخی در یک سده اخیر دارد. در گستره تاریخی، دو بحران سیستمی یعنی بحران مشروعیت سیاسی و بحران هویت، بستر ساز اصلی خشونت‌گرایی قومی مذهبی و عدم رفتارهای دموکراتیک و بی‌ثباتی در منطقه بوده‌اند.

EthnicReligious violence in the Arab Middle East in context of the Nationstate crisis

Extended Abstract: Since World War II, more than half of the world’s nations have experienced ethnic strife, and domestic violence in the form of an ethnic and religious foundation has been a very important and bitter reality in the world. In the present age, ethnicreligious conflicts have been a major concern and challenge for decision makers and scientists. Ethnic and religious violence in the postCold War era has become the most important bitter reality in many societies. In the postCold War era, the vast majority of violent international conflicts have been the result of internal strife, making it difficult to distinguish between domestic and international conflicts. Carment’s study of violence between 1945 and 1981 found that of the 460 recorded cases, 202 were nonethnic and 258 were ethnic, with 103 reported high and bloody violence. In the present age, the prevalence and spread of identity conflicts have caused geopolitical issues to take on a significant degree of geoculturalism, and international politics has largely taken on an identity nature. By allocating a quarter of the world’s violence and ethnic and religious strife to the Middle East, these Region has become a focal point for politics and identity conflicts. This research is an explanatory research and has been done by causalanalytical method and historicalpolitical sociological theoretical approach. The research question is what are the most important sociological and internal factors influencing the escalation of terrorism and ethnicreligious violence in the Arab Middle East since the late 1990s? The research hypothesis is as follows: Focusing on the historicalpolitical sociological approach, we can say that the crisis of government and nationbuilding and the crisis of identity and the resulting political legitimacy play an essential, profound and important role in creating and paving the way for terrorism. There has been ethnicreligious violence. Of course, the author believes that, like any other social phenomenon, violence should be viewed for several reasons, but the need for indepth exploration requires that the subject be explained and explained by focusing on one or two factors. The most important finding of this study is that in the Arab Middle East, ethnic and religious violence, which has now erupted more than ever before, has a historical past in the last century. Historically, two systemic crises, the crisis of political legitimacy and the crisis of identity, have been the main cause of ethnicreligious violence and the lack of democratic behavior and instability in the region. The crisis of the state and nationbuilding, and the crisis of identity and the resulting political legitimacy, have played an essential, profound and important role in creating and paving the way for terrorism and ethnicreligious violence. In the context of the problem and the general assumption of the research, the results of this study show that in most of the Arab Middle East, especially in the authoritarian republics, a mixture of extroverted model of statebuilding with direct involvement of colonial powers and imposed nationbuilding led these countries to From the very beginning, they face systemic crises, namely the crisis of legitimacy and the crisis of identity. The crisis of legitimacy over the governmentnation divide and the rejection of the entire illegitimate political system by most ethnic and religious groups, in addition to the illegitimacy of the beginning and establishment, is rooted in ethnicreligious, political, cultural and economic discrimination. And mismanagement of discriminatory and unfair distribution policies. On the other hand, nationbuilding has led to a pervasive crisis of national identity in multiethnic and religious communities in the Arab Middle East, resulting in severe fragmentation of these communities and the formation and institutionalization of the seeds of national divergence and nonconvergence. The findings of this study show that the existence of these two systemic and deeprooted crises provided a historical and rooted obstacle for centrifugal movements and ethnicreligious violence in the region. At some point in history, such a backlash led to the emergence and outbreak of some violent mass actions and movements. But in relatively long historical periods, due to the structure of the rigid and repressive political power and the high political, human and financial costs, these movements remained silent but remained as a fire under the ashes and acted. Such a deeprooted and institutionalized historical backbone in a number of countries in the region, such as Myanmar, Bahrain, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, has led to the emergence and perpetuation of a widespread wave of ethnic, religious, and takfiri violence. This pervasive wave has farreaching consequences that even European countries have not been spared.