فناوری و گونه‌شناسی دست‌افزارهای سنگی دورۀ مس‌وسنگ تپۀ قلعه‌ننه مریوان

 تپۀ قلعه‌ننه در شمال‌غرب ایران و جنوب‌شرق دریاچۀ زریبار قرار گرفته است و ازطریق گذرگاه شلیر با شمال بین‏النهرین ارتباط دارد و بزرگ‌ترین محوطۀ پیش‌از‌تاریخ حوضۀ دریاچۀ زریبار است که کاوش لایه‌نگاری شده است. تپۀ دوره‌های استقراری پیش‌ازتاریخ و تاریخی را دربر دارد و طولانی‏ترین دورۀ استقرار باقی‌مانده در محوطه، مربوط به دورۀ مس‌وسنگ، خصوصاً فرهنگ عبید 3-4 و اوروک جدید است. شواهد گویای آن است که این منطقه در دورۀ پیش‌ازتاریخ بیشتر با بین‏النهرین ارتباط داشته است. از دورۀ مس‌وسنگ، محوطه، تعداد قابل‌توجهی دست‌افزار سنگی به‌دست آمده است؛ ابزارهای سنگی یک گروه فناورانه از مصنوعات را تشکیل می‏دهند که ارزش قابل‌توجهی برای تفسیر ساختارهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی در جوامع پیش‌ازتاریخ دارند. تغییرات ساختاری در شبکه‏های اجتماعی فناوری از عبید تا پساعبید ممکن است در جنبه‌های مختلف تولید ابزارسنگی مشاهده شود. مطالعۀ ابزارهای سنگی دورۀ مس‌وسنگ در غرب ایران و حوضۀ دریاچۀ زریبار انگشت‌شمار است. مصنوعات سنگی به‌دست‌آمده ازلحاظ چگونگی روش و سنت ابزارسازی دورۀ مس‌وسنگ در حوضۀ دریاچۀ زریبار بررسی شد و تلاش شد ارتباط احتمالی آن تا حد ممکن با تغییرات اجتماعی مطالعه شود. به‌احتمال زیاد مصنوعات سنگی توسط گروهی خاص تولید و در منطقه و حوضۀ دریاچۀ زریبار پخش می‏شده است، کما این‌که شواهد سفالی نشان از ارتباط گستردۀ بین‏منطقه‏ای نیز دارد و دست‌کم در دورۀ مس‌سنگ جدید، تولید مصنوعات سنگی در این منطقه در مقیاس کارگاهی بوده است؛ به‌نظر می‏رسد مانند محوطه‏های هم‌زمان در هزارۀ پنجم و چهارم پیش‌ازمیلاد، در شمال بین‏النهرین که مصنوعات سنگی در تپۀ ننه در نزدیکی منابع ماده‌خام و خارج از سکونت‌گاه‌ها تولید می‏شدند.

technological and typological analysis of stone tools from tepe naneh in the chalcolithic period

the qaleh naneh site in iran is the largest prehistoric site in the basin of lake zaribar that has been excavated. the site is located in the northwest of iran, southeast of lake zaribar, and is connected with northern mesopotamia through the shiler pass. the chalcolithic period, especially the ubaid and uruk cultures, is the longest period of settlement in the site. this region was more connected with mesopotamia in the prehistoric period. stone tools are an essential component in understanding the socio-economic structures of prehistoric societies. however, the study of stone tools of the chalcolithic period in western iran and the zaribar lake basin is limited. the study of stone tools in the qaleh naneh site provides valuable insights into the material culture and social organization of prehistoric societies. structural changes in technological social networks from ubaid to post-ubaid may be observed in various aspects of stone tool production. the relationship between the methods used and the social changes of the inhabitants of tepe naneh has been explained as much as possible based on the stone artifacts. the stone artifacts obtained from the site were produced by a special group and spread throughout the region and the zaribar lake basin. the pottery evidence also shows extensive inter-regional connections. at least in the late chalcolithic period, the production of stone artifacts in this region was on a workshop scale. similar to the sites in the fifth and fourth millennium bc in northern mesopotamia where stone artifacts were produced near the sources of raw materials and outside the settlements, the production model at tepe naneh is similar to northern mesopotamia according to the type of stone artifacts. keywords: lake zaribar basin, tape naneh, chalcolithic period, stone toolsintroductionthe archaeological site is located at 16km. south-east of the modern city of marivan, and is partially occupied along the southern and western slope by the modern village of the same name which has partially altered the original conformation of the settlement. the qaleh naneh site in iran is one of the largest prehistoric sites in the basin of lake zaribar and is connected with northern mesopotamia through the shiler pass. the site has been excavated extensively, but the study of stone tools from the chalcolithic period in western iran and the zaribar lake basin is limited. the excavation of three 2m wide step-trenches along the eastern, northern, and western slopes of the site enabled the study of occupational deposits from the chalcolithic to islamic periods. the ubaid phase 3-4, in the lower layers of trenches a and b, also common are uruk ware in late chalcolithic period. the study of the cycle of production, consumption, repair, replacement, and discarding of stone tools is investigated under the title of analysis of stone industries in archeology (jayez, 2016). the study of stone tools in the post-paleolithic sites is usually less noticed by archaeologists, and the study of stone tools of the chalcolithic period in the zaribar lake basin is rare. stone tools are an essential component in understanding the socio-economic structures of prehistoric societies. this research aims to fill this gap and examine the obtained stone artifacts in terms of their construction, use, and relationship with social changes. the stone artifacts obtained from the site were divided based on morphology, manufacturing technology, mineral type, color spectrum, raw material used, and typology. the general characteristics of the artifacts were also considered according to the texture. the study found that the stone artifacts were likely produced by a special group and spread throughout the region and the zaribar lake basin. the most important questions in this field:1- where were the stone tools of tepe naneh produced? 2- has there been a connection between the method used and the social changes of tepe naneh residents?it seems that; the study also found that there was a connection between the method used in producing stone tools and the social changes of tepe naneh residents. the production model at tepe naneh is similar to northern mesopotamia, where stone artifacts were produced near the sources of raw materials and outside the settlements.discussion the structure of prehistoric stone assemblages is different from the paleolithic era, but they still reflect many economic complexities of societies. in the chalcolithic period, one of the characteristics of the artifacts is the single-use nature of many of them, which were produced in a non-specialized way or for a wide range of domestic activities. the other group of artifacts are blades, micro blades, and groovers, which are semi-specialized and specialized. this process was created in the neolithic period and continued until the bronze and iron ages. over the course of several thousand years, metal replaced stone technology (rosen, 1997) .the study of raw material sources, their availability and abundance, and how they were used are important in understanding the economic systems of that era and the evolution of various aspects of human behavior. the study of raw stone dispersion is a suitable solution for solving the problems related to the living places of prehistoric humans and the surrounding areas, exchange and mutual social, economic, and cultural relations (inizan, 1999).after studying 271 pieces of stone tools from the qaleh naneh site, three different types of stone were identified, and the most commonly used raw material for tool production was different types of chert with different colors. the assemblages show that gray chert was used for 35.79% of the tools, and brown for 26.94%, far more than other colors. in total, chert tools include the largest number of tools at 91.88%. additionally, 75.7% of all tools were obsidian tools, which is one of the imported and non-native stones of the region.