تحلیل باستان‌شناختی فرآیند شکل‌گیری، توسعه و فروپاشی کهن‌شهر پریم (فریم) براساس مطالعۀ تطبیقی متون و یافته‌های باستان‌شناختی

دشت میان‌کوهی فریم از توابع بخش دودانگه، در 60کیلومتری جنوب شهرستان ساری واقع است. کهن‌شهر فریم از آغاز دوران اسلامی، از جایگاه شهری و اهمیت سیاسی و نظامی برخوردار بود. اشارۀ منابع به مقام فریم در جایگاه تختگاه و انتساب عناوینی مانند: شهر، قصبه و دارالملک، از موقعیت سیاسی این شهر طی سده‌های نخستین حکایت دارند. عوامل ژئوپلیتیکی، قابلیت‌های نظامی و سیاسی را باید از علل مکان‌یابی فریم به‌شمار آورد. الگوی شهرسازی فریم را باتوجه به حیات سنت‌های پیشااسلامی طی سده‌های نخستین، باید وام‌دار شهرسازی تاریخی دانست. طبق شواهد و مستندات، وجود بناهای‌حکومتی و یادمانی، سازه‌ها و محلات‌شهری از رواج نظام سه‌گانۀ شهری در فریم نشان‌دارد. نظر به اهمیت فریم، تاکنون پژوهش‌های متمرکزی باهدف شناخت ساختارهای شهری آن صورت نگرفته است؛ از این‌رو، با استناد به منابع تاریخی و اندک شواهد باستان‌شناختی، تلاش شد تا مهم‌ترین متغیرهای موثر در شکل‌گیری، شکوفایی و زوال شهر موردشناسایی قرارگرفته و پیشنهادهایی پیرامون سازمان فضایی آن مطرح‌شود. دستیابی به داده‌های مذکور با استفاده ‌از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و تحلیل‌ تاریخی صورت‌گرفت. نقش فریم در تحولات سیاسی منطقه با تکیه‌بر شواهد باستان‎شناختی و قرائن تاریخی دیگر پرسش این پژوهش است. موقعیت فریم به‌عنوان تختگاه اسپهبدتبرستان و نقش حاکمان آن در کنار دیگر قدرت‌های سیاسی به‌هنگام تصمیم‌گیری‌های مهم، از مرتبۀ پراهمیت فریم در نظام سیاسی تبرستان آن‌روز حکایت ‌دارد. تعامل اسپهبدان‌ تبرستان با یک‌دیگر و نیز با استنداران ‌رویان در تصمیمات سیاسی-حکومتی، حاکی از نقش تعیین‌کنندۀ فریم، در سازمان سیاسی تبرستان آن‌روزگار است؛ علاوه‌بر این، نزدیکی به مراکز مهم سیاسی مانند: ساری، تمیشه، آمل و ولایت استارآباد موجبات اعزام سریع نیروهای نظامی به شهرهای مذکور یا شهرهای جنوب‌البرز را به‌هنگام تهدید فراهم می‌کرد. نتایج مطالعات بیانگر آن است موقعیت طبیعی و توپوگرافی مناسب، موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی، موقعیت سیاسی، نزدیکی به دیگر مراکز مهم سیاسی، رواج اقتصاد کشاورزی و دامپروری از مهم‌ترین عوامل شکل‌گیری و توسعۀ فریم محسوب می‌شوند. طبق شواهد، مرکز شهر قدیم فریم منطقه‌ای به وسعت هزارمترمربع به مرکزیت شاه‌نشین را دربر می‌گیرد. شکوه فریم متاثر از عوامل سیاسی و طبیعی، از پایانیِ سدۀ پنجم هجری‌قمری رو‌به‌افول گذاشت. سرانجام ظهور دولت‌صفویه در سدۀ 10ه‍.ق.، به حیات شهرهای ملوک‌الطوایفی تبرستان، ازجمله فریم پایان داد. 

archaeological analysis of formation, development and collapse of the ancient city of perim (ferim) based on comparative study of historical texts and archaeological findings

ferim, of the outskirts of dodangeh district, is located south of sari. ferim had a political and military importance in the early islamic era. geopolitical factors, military and political capabilities should be counted among the causes of ferim positioning. the existence of government and memorial buildings, structures and urban areas show the prevalence of the triple urban system in ferim. no focused research has been performed on tabaristans old cities. the historical sources not matching with the archaeological findings, has motivated the present study to be done. the following questions are posed in this article: what factors have involved in the formation, development and fall of the ferim? what role did ferim play in the political developments of the region? the following assumptions can be raised: a geographic location, being central to the surrounding villages and equipped with the due productive and economic capacities have been among the influential factors in the formation and development of the ferim. the political and natural factors are counted in ferims waning.  he political capital of ferim as the ruling hub and the existence of defense and military structures indicate the strategic political and military status of ferim. natural and geopolitical boundary, strategic status and political-military position are the most effective factors in the formation and development of the city. the location of resket tower and the shahneshin site covering an area of 1000 m2 and the discovery of surface cultural evidence demonstrates that the dynamism and urban life of the old city should be searched in the mentioned site. comparing the plan of the shahneshin with some contemporary and more ancient constructions implies that this state building played a dual role, that is called “mosque-house” in the architecture of early islam in iran. the political and natural factors are the reasons behind ferims fall in the end of the 5th and 10th century of hijri calendar.keywords: ferim, gharan-kooh, espahbadan, capital, resket tower, shahneshin.introductionin different historical periods, the formation of cities was under the influence of diverse factors, among the most important of which suitable natural location, political, military and defense factors, economic, commercial and religious factors can be denoted (see: orooji & alipour, 2013: 21). islamic cities were viewed as the direct inhibitors of sassanid methods of urban development (mehr-afarin, 2014: 81). on the other hand, despite the spread of islam in tabarestan, the presence of native clans following the suit of the interactions and mechanisms of the sassanid period led to the social relations and policy-making practices in this region to be a combination of sassanid approaches and islamic traditions.in tabarestan, besides the aforementioned sites and contexts, the natural and defensive fortifying factors were critical in the cities being built and located. thus, in the feudalism era, due to the distinctive strategic and military capabilities of foothills, the cities of the region were predominantly constructed in such sites. in many cases, such cities did not need large castles and towers, ramparts, and high lookouts, as well as upkeep costs, because the inaccessible locations and impassable roads hampered the invading forces to easily access them.amid this, despite being pointed out in numerous sources and in the existing historical evidence, the city of ferim as a highland in old tabarestan (in the territory of present-day mazandaran province) is of the cities about which few studies and excavations have been done. at the same time, lack of sufficient information about the political, military, defense functions, urban organizations and other structural features of this city and this information not being compatible with the limited archaeological findings requires dealing with such issue. this requirement gets more decisive - considering the presence of the local ruling clans (espahbadan), -at least since the sassanid era- in the region and their conflict or appeasement with the central governments under the supervision of the islamic caliphs or trans-regional forces.the main objectives of the current study are to get a picture of the urban potentials, the effective variables in the urban formation and development, the most important discovered works and their functions, to sketch the spatial organization of the city and study the determining factors in the collapse of the city of ferim.study data ferim, an ancient city in qaran-kooh in the southern part of old tabarestan, located 60 kilometers south of sari, which has been mentioned as the capital of espahbadan, city, castle, borough and region in the sources (unknown author, 1993: 147; ibn-hawqal, 1987: 119; etemad-al-saltana, 1994; 102; rabino, 1964: 226) was the residence of karen  clan rulers since sassanid dynasty, after the collapse of which it was governed by their descendants (ibn-hawqal, 1987; 119; see: istakhri, 1961: 169). the existence of some structures such as palace, local bathhouse, square and jam-e mosque in ferim (ibn-esfandyar, 1987: 156; rabino, 1964: 226) stresses the urban and political status of ferim among countless surrounding villages and the rulers. the coin minting in ferim  indicates the political legitimacy of espahbadan dwelling in ferim and the unique economic position of this city among its bordering towns and villages in the 4th century ah.the most important factors influencing the formation of ferim should be considered the natural and topographic ones, the geopolitical factors and economic potentials.today the evidence of the urban life of ferim can be seen in two in situ structures: the resket tower from the early 5th century ah (see: figs. 1 and 2) and shahneshin building from the mid-4th century ah (see: plan 1; figs. 3-6). the surface cultural evidence in the site of the mentioned monuments strengthens the chances of the existence of the old city of ferim in this region (see abedini, 2007: 261; abedini, nikoobayan and shirzadi, 2014: 389; also plan 2). comparing the plan of shahneshin with its preceding or contemporary buildings demonstrates that this structure cannot be the jam-e mosque mentioned in the sources and posits the theory of this dual-purpose building.