گو‌نه‌‌شناسی‌‌ چوب‌های به‌کار رفته در سقانفارهای مازندران (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان قائم‌شهر)

 سقانفار، نوعی بنای چوبی با کارکرد مذهبی در استان مازندران بوده که احداث بیشتر این بناها به دورۀ قاجار برمی‌گردد. در این بناها، هرساله در ماه محرم مراسم عزاداری برگزار می‌شود. باوجود اهمیت فرهنگی سقانفارهای مازندران، تاکنون نوع چوب‌های مورداستفاده در آن‌ها بررسی نشده و پژوهش‌ها محدود به معماری و نقاشی‌های آن‌ها بوده است. در این پژوهش، چوب‌های به‌کار‌رفته در اجزای مختلف پنج سقانفار قائم‌شهر (ریکنده، سیدابوصالح، قادیکلای نوکنده‌کا، وسطی‌کلا و آهنگرکلای بیشه‌سر) به‌صورت ماکروسکوپی و میکروسکوپی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پس از استخراج فهرست ویژگی‌های آناتومی چوب از مقاطع میکروسکوپی رنگ‌آمیزی‌شده، هر نمونه شناسایی شد. در بررسی ماکروسکوپی، تمام چوب‌ها بخش‌ روزنه‌ای بودند. ‌غیر از نمونۀ قادیکلای نوکنده‌کا، سایر نمونه چوب‌ها پس از غوطه‌وری، آب را به‌رنگ طلایی درآوردند. گونۀ استفاده‌شده در سقانفارهای وسطی‌کلا، ریکنده، سیدابوصالح و آهنگرکلای بیشه‌سر، آزاد (zelkova carpinifolia) و چوب‌های سقانفار قادیکلای نوکنده‌کا، بلوط اوری (quercus macranthera) شناسایی شدند. هر دو چوب، بادوام بوده، نم‌پذیری کمی ‌داشته و درصورت استفاده در ساختمان نیاز چندانی به مراقبت و تعمیر ندارند. پراکنش بلوط و سایر گونه‌های درختی با چوب ساختمانی باکیفیت در جنگل‌های نزدیک سقانفار‌ها، به‌اندازه یا بیش از آزاد بوده است؛ از این‌رو، ترجیح این چوب نمی‌تواند صرفاً به در دسترس بودن و کیفیت فنی آن مربوط باشد. با توجه به این‌که از قرن 16م.، به‌بعد چوب آزاد یکی از محبوب‌ترین چوب‌ها برای ساخت بناهای تاریخی و مذهبی در شرق دور (به‌خصوص در کره و ژاپن) بوده و با توجه به تاثیرپذیری معماری و  نقاشی سقانفارهای چوبی قدیمی‌تر از فرهنگ شرقی، می‌توان انتخاب چوب آزاد برای ساخت این اماکن را تا حدی متاثر از تبادلات فرهنگی دانست.    

identification of the timbers used in saqanefars of mazandaran (case study: qaemshahr city)

abstractsaqanefars are kinds of wooden ritual monuments with religious functionality, found only in mazandaran province, north of iran, and date back to the qajar era. in these buildings, the mourning of muharram and other mourning rituals are held every year. despite the cultural importance of mazandaran’s saqanefars, the type of wood used in these buildings has not yet been identified and researches have been focused on their architecture and paintings. in this research, the wood used in different structural members of five saqanefars in different areas of qaemshahr including ghadikola nokandehka (gn), seyed abosaleh (sa), reykandeka (rk), ahangarkola bishesar (ab), and vostakola (vk) were examined macro- and microscopically. after extracting a list of wood anatomical features from the stained microscopic sections, each specimen was identified. all studied specimens were of ring-porous hardwoods. except for gn, other wood samples turned the water golden after immersion. the wood species used in the saqanefars of sa, rk, ab, and vk were identified as zelkova (zelkova carpinifolia) while the saqanefar of gn were made of persian oak (quercus macranthera). both kinds of wood are durable, have little moisture uptake, and do not require much repair and maintenance work. oaks and other tree species with high-quality constructional timber were as widespread as zelkova in the forests near studied saqanefars. hence, the preference for zelkova could not solely be related to its availability and technical quality. considering that from the 16th century onwards, zelkova wood became one of the most popular types of timber for the construction of historical and religious buildings in the far east (especially in korea and japan), and the similarity of the architecture and painting of wooden saqanefars to the temples in these countries, choosing this wood could partly be influenced by cultural exchanges.keywords: wooden structure, cultural heritage, sacred building, wood identification, iran.introductiona saqanefar is a kind of ritual monument in mazandaran province, north of iran. some older saqanefars are completely wooden and were built in the late safavid and early qajar periods, and due to cultural exchanges between the local people and chinese merchants, they are partially influenced by the architecture of buddhist temples. despite the cultural importance of mazandaran saqanefars, the type and age of the timbers used in them has not been investigated so far, and researches have been limited to their architecture and surface paintings. however, knowing the type of constructional timbers used in ancient wooden structures and objects can provide many unknown facts about the history, culture and trades in a region. moreover, for the maintenance and renovation of ancient buildings, it is essential to know the type of wood used in them. in this research, the types of used timbers in the historical saqanefars of qaemshahr city were identified and discussed. the main hypothesis of the research was that due to the sacredness of saqanefar s, lumbers from a certain tree species was used in their construction.materials and methods five saqanefars were identified in different areas of qaemshahr city, located in the villages of ghadikola nokandehka (gn), seyed abosaleh (sa), reykandeka (rk), ahangarkola bishesar (ab), and vostakola (vk). small wooden samples were extracted from different parts of each monument, using a handsaw or an increment borer. the transverse surface of the samples was sanded and first examined macroscopically. then, thin sections were cut, stained, and analyzed, microscopically. the anatomical features of the wood of each sample were extracted based on the iawa list of microscopic features for hardwood identification (wheeler et al., 1989) and finally, each sample was identified.results and discussion with the macroscopic and microscopic examination of the samples, it was found that all samples extracted from different structural members of a saqanefar are made of the same wood species. the wood used in the four sqanefars of sa, rk, ab, and vk were all from zelkova trees (zelkova carpinifolia), while the sqanefar gn was made of persian oak (quercus macranthera). this distinction was evident in the golden color of the water after immersing the wood of the first four saqanefar and the absence of such a state in the last one. zelkova is a high-quality wood and is known as one of the best construction timbers. zelkova wood has a low moisture uptake, and in addition to wooden structures, it was also used to make the door and window frames of mosques in iran (browicz, 1982). this wood was widely used for construction of historic timber structures (hwang et al., 2009) and places of worship in the far east, and is considered the most important hardwood in building of old temples in south korea (kim & choi, 2016). in japan, zelkova wood has been used to build temples since the 16th century. in fact, it was the chinese carpenters who taught the japanese how to work with this tough wood and suggested its use in the 15th century (mertz, 2016). oak has been one of the most popular type of wood for building timber for centuries due to its high durability and the little need for maintenance and repair. conclusion most of the old, timber-structured saqanefars in the villages of north iran were made of zelkova, and only one of the five investigated structures was from oak wood. considering that these two woods are of good and comparable quality, and almost the similar abundance of these two species in the forests around the location of saqanfears, the preference for using zelkova is not only due to technical and economic issues, and could be related to cultural reasons. zelkova wood is mostly used for the construction of shrines and religious sites in the far east and especially in korea, and due to the similarity of the architecture and painting of saqanefars to the temples in these countries, the choice of zelkova timber for the construction of these places can be partly influenced by cultural exchanges.