روابط بینامتنی مجموعه‌های معماری تبریز در دورۀ ایلخانی و تحولات معنایی آن بر پایۀ مطالعات نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای

مطالعۀ آثار معماری به‌صورت انفرادی و بدون درنظر گرفتن لایه‌های متنی و دگرگونی‌های بافتاری موثر بر آن، یکی از کمبودهای این حوزه است. در این پژوهش تلاش می‌شود تا با تحلیلی گفتمانی و با استفاده از داده‌های تاریخی و باستان‌شناسی به روابط بینامتنی مجموعه‌های معماری و شهرسازی تبریز دورۀ ایلخانی در دو سطح خُرد (شهر تبریز) و کلان (منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی) پرداخته شود تا از این‌طریق تحولات و معناهای ضمنی لایه‌های متنی (مجموعه‌های معماری و شهرسازی) آشکار گردد. مساله پژوهش این است که روابط بینامتنی آثار مذکور ازمنظر نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای به چه صورتی بوده و نظام‌های نشانه‌ای چگونه در لایه‌ها متجلی شده‌اند؟ این پژوهش از گونۀ پژوهش‌های کیفی است و با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی به مطالعۀ داده‌ها پرداخته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد به‌کارگیری خوانش بینامتنی نشانه‌شناسی لایه‌ای منجر به درک لایه‌های پنهان معنا در آثار معماری می‌شود و در مطالعۀ اثر پارادایم‌های گسترده‌تری را درگیر می‌نماید. در روابط بینامتنیِ لایه‌های مختلف معماری و شهرسازی تبریز عهد ایلخانی در سطوح خُرد و کلان، رمزگان‌هایی مانند عناصر اصلی ارکان حکومت، ازجمله: قدرت سیاسی، قدرت فرهنگی-مذهبی و قدرت اقتصادی، با زیررمزگان‌هایی چون: رویکردهای ایرانشهری، مذاهب مختلف و تجارت داخلی و خارجی که متناسب با تغییرات بافتی لایه‌ها (زمانی، مکانی، و فرهنگی-اجتماعی) هستند، وارد رابطۀ هم‌نشینی و جانشینی شده‌ و به نشانگی بدل گشته‌اند.

intertextuality connections of architectural and urbanization collections of tabriz in the il-khanate period and its semantic evolutions based on layered semiotic studies

one of the shortcomings of this field is the study of architectural remains individually and without considering the text layers and textural changes affecting it. this study described intertextuality connections of architectural and urbanization collections of tabriz during the il-khanate period in two levels: micro (tabriz city) and macro (regional and international) through discourse analysis and using historical and archaeological data in order to reveal the evolutions and implicit semantics of text layers (architectural and urbanization collections). it is question that how intertextuality connections of the mentioned remains from point of view layer semiology have been and how have manifested semiotic systems. in this study in order to understand data is used qualitative method in the form of descriptive-analytical. findings show that the use of intertextuality reading of layered semiology leads to the understanding of hidden layers of meaning in architectural remains and involves the effect of broader paradigms in study. in the intertextuality connections of different layers of architecture and urban planning of tabriz in the il-khanate era at micro and macro levels, codes such as the main elements of government, including political power, cultural-religious power and economic power, the layers (temporal, spatial, cultural-social) are entered into a syntagmatic and paradigmatic connections and have become a semiotics.keywords: il-khanate period, tabriz, layered semiology, intertextuality connections, codes.introductionalthough fundamental research on semiology in general and architectural semiology, in particular, are rather abundant, it has been neglected as an approach for many artistic instances in a monographic and independent manner. therefore, the current study seeks to determine the intertextuality relations and interpretation process between architectural and urban collections in tabriz during the ilkhanid era, such as shanb ghazan, rab’-e rashidi, and citadel of alishah, using semiology studies and especially, post-structuralism and its layered approach to identify the evolution and different semantic layers within the architecture and urban development of the city during that period. although various scholars investigated the architecture and urban development of the tabriz during the ilkhanid era in different books and papers, no study took a semiotics and semantic approach to examine the semantic meanings. the applications of semiology in iran were mainly limited to linguistics and literary or religious texts. many researchers neglected the architectural perception (including historic architecture) and its different structures as a kind of language having all required semiotics systems, or they were influenced by common methods of reviewing the history of art, including traditionalism (especially mystical and historic approaches). this study sought to answer the following questions: (1) what were the semantic evolutions of tabriz architectural works caused by contextual changes (i.e., time, location, society-culture, and intertextuality relations) on a macro (i.e., iran and the region) and micro (i.e., tabriz city) level? (2) what are the intertextuality relations between prominent architectural works in tabriz during the ilkhanid era based on the semiology approach, and (3) how are different semiotics systems manifested in different layers of texts (architecture)? the research is a fundamental qualitative study using a descriptive-analytic approach and the interpretative post-structural semiology method, aiming to represent the hidden meanings of prominent architectural works of tabriz during the ilkhanid era in the form of “text”, “context”, and “codes.” the main goal was to investigate the process and how the meaning changed in the architecture and urban development collections of tabriz during the ilkhanid era, along with its contextual variations.discussionmany architecture and urban development collections were constructed in tabriz during the ilkhanid era, especially during ghazan khan’s reign. there is not enough archaeological information about the plan and structure of architecture and urban development collections of that era, except for the citadel of alishah. however, the main architectural structures of the collections can be determined, and their different meanings and aspects might be analyzed using major historical sources of the era and the remnants of the collections. for shanb ghazan, buildings such as congregational mosque, shafi’i and hanafi religious schools, beyt al-ghanoon (house of law), etc., as symbolic systems and the location of the sultan tomb in the centre as the most important system are instances of the bond between political power and religion. ghazan khan was thoughtfully seeking to monopolize political power and religion for his government and himself. in fact, when the caliphate collapsed, and a kind of void was felt by the people, ghazan khan manifested the political power-religion bond in his buildings based on the theories of khawaja rashiduddin, which can be found in shanb ghazan. roshidyeh town was the utopia of rashiduddin, who tried to build the town based on his national and islamic school of thought regarding political philosophy. the economy of rashidi depended on surrounding villages and gardens. so, unlike shanb ghazan, the city was economically independent. citadel of alishah was built by tajuddin alishah, the vizier of Öljaitü and abu sa’id bahadur khan, between 1316 and 1324. in fact, tajuddin alishah concentrated and associated symbolic elements of religious power (i.e., mosque and khanqah), political power (i.e., governmental buildings and palaces), and economic power (i.e., bazaars) in citadel of alishah to lessen the importance of rashiduddin’s brilliant works and gain legitimacy with people and sultan. his actions remained incomplete by his death. if political, religious, and economic powers are considered the three pillars of governance, rab’-e rashidi is the true example of establishing a bond between politics and religion and a symbol of religion. however, all power elements (i.e., political, religious, and economic) accompany each other in citadel of alishah, reflecting the general power structure and network at that time.