پیشنهادی برای احیای بِرکَه‌ها، سامانۀ ذخیرۀ آب شیرین در نواحی شمالی خلیج‌فارس

بخش اعظمی از ایران در مناطق خشک قرار گرفته است، به همین دلیل از گذشته های دور تدابیر گوناگونی برای مدیریت آب و به خصوص آب های سطحی انجام شده است. آب و هوای خشک، کمبود ریزش باران، فصلی شدن آب رودخانه ها و خشک شدن تدریجی رودها، زمینه ساز اندیشۀ ذخیرۀ آب به صورت بند و قنات و آب انبار در ذهن انسان گردید. آب انبارها بسته به شرایط اقلیمی و اجتماعی هر منطقه، طراحی متفاوتی دارند، هم چنین معماری چنین بناهایی در مناطق مختلف تحت تاثیر معماری محلی قرار گرفته است. مدیریت بهینۀ نزولات جوی اندک در چند روز از سال در منطقه ای که به دلیل بافت زمین شناسی سفره های آب زیرزمینی ناچیز و شوری دارد، نشانۀ نبوغ ساکنان فلات ایران برای ذخیره سازی آب بود. با پیشرفت این سنت، به خصوص در طی ادوار اسلامی بر تعداد استقرارگاه های منطقه افزوده شد؛ ازجمله سازه های ذخیرۀ آب، یکی آب انبارها بوده که در مسیر سیلاب ساخته می شدند تا آب های سطحی پس از باران به آن ها هدایت شده و جهت مصارف مختلف استفاده شود. پرسش این است که، با توجه به کم آبی منطقه آیا می توان با احیاء فنون گذشته به بازسازی این سازه به صورت امروزی پرداخت؟ با توجه به میزان بارندگی اندک اما سیل آسای جنوب کشور، بِرکَه ها علاوه بر تامین بخش مهمی از آب ساکنان، حکم سیل گیر را دارند و با یک باران در پایان فصل تابستان و چند بارش در فصل زمستان تمامی چندین هزار برکۀ جنوب کشور پر می شوند. اما با وابستگی این مناطق به آب سدها علاوه بر فشار به منابع آبی کشور، این سنت تاریخی رفته رفته رو به فراموشی است. با این وصف، از نتایج حاصل در این پژوهش این است که با اتکاء به آمار به نظر می رسد احیاء برکه ها با حمایت های دولتی و با طراحی امروزی از الگوهای تاریخی امکان تامین آب برای ساکنان منطقه فراهم خواهد آمد.

A Proposal to Restore the Ponds, a Fresh Water Storage System in the Northern Areas of the Persian Gulf

AbstractA large part of Iran is located in dry areas, for this reason, various measures have been taken for water management, especially surface water. Dry weather, lack of rainfall, seasonality of river water and gradual drying of rivers, created the idea of water storage in the form of dams, aqueducts and cisterns in the human mind. The cisterns have different designs depending on the climatic and social conditions of each region. Also, the architecture of such buildings in different regions has been influenced by local architecture. Optimum management of low rainfall in a few days of the year in an area that due to the geological texture of the underground water table is insignificant and salty was a sign of the genius of the inhabitants of the Iranian plateau for water storage. With the progress of this tradition, especially during Islamic periods, the number of settlements in the region increased. One of the water storage structures is the cisterns, which were built along the flood path so that the surface water is directed to them after the rain and used for various purposes. The question is, considering the scarcity of water in the region, is it possible to restore this structure in a modern way by reviving the past techniques? Due to the low but heavy rainfall in the south of the country, the ponds, in addition to providing an important part of the residents’ water, also act as floodgates, and with one rain at the end of the summer season and a few rains in the winter season, all the thousands of ponds in the south of the country are filled. But with the dependence of these areas on the water of the dams, in addition to the pressure on the country’s water resources, this historical tradition is gradually being forgotten. However, from the results of this research, based on the statistics, it seems that the restoration of the ponds with government support and with a modern design based on historical patterns will provide the possibility of water supply for the residents of the region.Keywords: Barka, AbAnbar, Islamic Period, Fars, Hormozgan.IntroductionThe relationship between water and the world of existence can be defined from two perspectives: one is quantitative and experimental sciences and the other is spiritual issues of life and knowledge. Iran is considered one of the dry tropical regions of the world due to its special geographical position and very scattered unevenness’s and the influence of other factors. With this description, being located in the dry and waterscarce regions of the world, water has always had a high value and dignity in Iran, and for this reason, many advances and innovations have emerged in the field of water extraction and transportation. Among the most important of these developments, we can mention aqueducts, reservoirs, dams and weirs, as well as other types of structures and management operations that have been used. Therefore, the creative solutions of human connection with water have played a remarkable role in alleviating harsh natural conditions and in the meantime, the construction of water reservoirs has become popular in the extremes of Iran and water reservoirs have been built in many cities. Reservoirs with their interesting architecture are usually built in arid, desert and semiarid areas to store rainwater more than in other places.Iran’s governments in Islamic eras, with emphasis on issues related to hygiene and purity, built water reservoirs as an essential element in the lives of Muslims in or near mosques. And they became more common near them, with the evolution, development of agriculture and trade in this era, the construction of water reservoirs in villages led to the development of village, and as a result, the increase in population along the caravan roads led to the expansion of roads. It became commercial and accordingly it became commercial. At the same time with the development of Islam in different countries and the expansion of cultural exchanges, thanks to the blessing of the religion and the unified central government, construction techniques developed a lot. Construction of cylindricalshaped tanks became common in Iran during this period due to the relatively low cost of construction and the greater resistance of its body against water pressure. Perhaps the method of making spherical or conical domes appeared in Iranian architecture from this period and for this reason. During this period, with the emergence of new cities and neighborhoods, reservoirs were placed next to mosques, schools, markets and government palaces like centralizing elements, and therefore it seems that reservoirs were a place for various social interactions. One of the prominent features of the city in Islamic era was the facilities such as mosques, bazaars, reservoirs, aqueducts, etc. The reservoir in the center of the neighborhood or city, in addition to providing water, is an excellent sign of There was a need for urban social life, for this reason, these buildings were sometimes built as a complex, such as a caravanserai complex, a reservoir, a guard house, a watchtower, and a refrigerator. The main passages or alleys sometimes branch off and lead to one or more houses. In addition to the possibility of reaching the neighborhood centers and the city center, the crossings also provide the possibility of quick and easy access to water reservoirs.ConclusionThe lifestyle of Iranians, especially with the end of the Qajar period, became different from the past, one of which is fresh water piping. At the same time, the management of water resources in local ways caused the economic prosperity of the country based on the existing surface resources and underground water tables and the lack of pressure on them. Water cisterns have been a historical investment from the distant past, which, in addition to drinking, have also been used for industrial and agricultural purposes. Considering that currently one of the management problems is still the supply of drinking water in different regions of the country, it is suggested to provide part of the water problems of arid and semiarid areas by restoring water reservoirs and creating examples of them in larger dimensions. Since the biggest management problem of water is its production, the past taught us that even in places where the underground water table is salty and there is no permanent river on the surface of the earth, fresh and pleasant water can be produced with some measures, and these methods will bring prosperity to the population and Roads have been expanded and the population has increased. Today, the experiences and techniques of the past should be used with today’s science to develop country and prevent consequences of dehydration and drought. Therefore, this article is a proposal in which the Ministry of Energy; Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Roads and City Planning; Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company; Country Water and Wastewater Engineering Company; Iran Water Resources Management Company; Organization of forests, pastures and watershed management of country; And, of course, local communities play a significant role in maintaining and building water reservoirs as water storage tanks.