سفال دورۀ اشکانی تُم‌مارون، استان هرمزگان

سفال را شاید بتوان یکی از مهم ترین داده های یافت شده در کاوش های باستان شناسی درراستای کمک به روشن شدن مجهولات هر محوطۀ باستانی و پاسخ دهی به پرسش ها دانست. این داده بخش مهمی از تعاملات انسانی را در گذشته به نمایش می گذارد. با بررسی این داده، رهیافت های گوناگونی نصیب باستان شناس می شود که پیش شرط آن، هدف دار بودن و درست عمل کردن در گونه شناسی سفال است. با بررسی سفال دورۀ اشکانی تم مارون در دشت رودان و گسترش انواع آن در خلیج فارس، از یک سو گسترش فرهنگی اشکانیان در جنوب ایران و ازسوی دیگر به واسطۀ گسترش جغرافیایی آن در جنوب خلیج فارس، دریانوردی اشکانی ها در سواحل شمال و جنوب خلیج فارس اثبات می شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی گونه های سفال اشکانی در جنوب ایران و مستند کردن ارتباطات فرهنگی مابین استقرارگاه های شمال و جنوب خلیج فارس است، سپس ارائۀ تصویری از دریانوردی در خلیج فارس و گسترش فرهنگی اشکانیان در شبه جزیرۀ عربستان به تصویر کشیده می شود. در این پژوهش گونه های سفالی دورۀ اشکانی تم مارون برپایۀ مستندات کاوش باستان شناسی محوطه، بررسی و طبقه بندی خواهند شد. مهم ترین پرسش این پژوهش، شاخصه های سفالی دورۀ اشکانی تم مارون است، سپس به دنبال این پرسش هستیم که توسعۀ فرهنگی دورۀ اشکانی براساس یافته های تم مارون تحت چه عواملی شکل گرفته است؟ این پژوهش به صورت مشخص نشان داد که براساس شیوۀ ساخت، رنگ بدنه و خمیره، در تل مارون 10گونۀ سفال اشکانی قابل طبقه بندی است. گونه های مشخص شده با محوطه های سواحل و جزایر شمال خلیج فارس مانند جزیرۀ قشم، منطقۀ مکران و نیز سواحل جنوبی خلیج فارس هم چون محوطۀ ملیحا یک حوزۀ فرهنگی را تشکیل می دهند.

Pottery of the Parthian Period of TomMaron, Hormozgan Province

AbstractPottery can perhaps be considered one of the most important data found in archaeological excavations in order to help clarify the unknowns of any ancient site and answer questions. This data shows one important part of human interactions in the past. By examining this data, various approaches are available to archaeologists, the prerequisite of which is to be purposeful and act correctly in pottery typology. By studying the pottery of the Parthian period of the and the spread of its types in the Persian Gulf, one of the hand, the cultural expansion of the Parthians in the south of Iran an on the other hand due to its geographical expansion in the south of the Persian Gulf, the seafaring of the Parthians in the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf. The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the types of Parthian pottery in the south of Iran and to document the cultural connections between the settlements in the north and south of the Persian Gulf , then to present a picture of seafaring in the Persian Gulf and the cultural expansion of the Parthians in the Arabian Peninsula. In this article, the Parthian pottery types of the TomMaron will be analyzed and classified based on the archeological excavation documents of the area. The most important question in this research is the pottery characteristics of the Parthian period of the TomMaron, then we are looking for the question that the cultural development of the Parthian period based on the findings of the TomMaron was formed under what factors? This research clearly showed that based on the method of making the color of the body and the paste, 10 types of Parthian pottery can be classified in TomMaron. The species identified with the sites of the coasts and islands of the northern Persian Gulf, such as Qeshm Island, Makran regions, and also the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, such as the Maliha site, form a cultural domain.Keywords: Pottery of the Parthian, Rodan Plain, TomMaron, Persian Gulf.IntroductionInvestigating the cultural materials of different cultural periods in the areas along the Persian Gulf, as a historical and strategic waterway, has always been of interest to rulers near and far, and has been the place of passage for ships of culture and civilizations of the East and the West for thousands of years. In the meantime, due to its location on the banks and back banks of the Persian Gulf and its vital and strategic waterways, namely the Strait of Hormuz, throughout history, the Rodan plain has a very important position from a historicalcultural, politicalsocial, and of course, economic point of view. (Hessari, 2018).The purpose of writing the article is to investigate the types of Parthian pottery in the south of Iran and to document the cultural connections between the settlements in the north and south of Persian Gulf. In this framework, cultural interactions will be discussed in this period in order to pottery a suitable picture of the relations between the two coasts of the Persian Gulf, which showed the cultural expansion of the Parthians through seafaring in the Persian Gulf. In this article, the pottery types of the Parthian period of TomMaron will be analyzed and classified based on the archeological excavation documents of the area. The most important question of this research is the pottery characteristics of the Parthian period of the TomMaron can the distribution of these types be a sign of cultural interactions on both sides of the Persian Gulf? Then the cultural development of the Parthian period was formed under what factors based on the findings of the TomMaron? This research clearly showed that based on the method of making, the color of the body and the paste in the TomMaron, 10 types of Parthian pottery can be classified. About 10 samples of Parthian period pottery were found in this area (Table 1). Among the prominent examples of the Parthian period, we can mention Namord and Lando (Figure 8) was found in prominent sites in the north of the Persian Gulf, such as Reyshahr (Whitechouse & Williamson, 1973). Dambkouh (Basafa, 2008: 24, PL), (row 9, table 1). Regarding the chronology of this type of pottery, Potts has classified them into two old Parthian periods, the first and second centuries AD, and the new type in the early Sassanian period (Potts, 1998: 211).Single yellow glazed pottery (Fig 6), turquoise monochrome (Fig 7) and pottery with gray paste (Fig 5) are also examples of Parthian pottery from this area in the northern regions of the Persian Gulf , especially in the Qeshm region (Khosrowzadeh , 1392) has been obtained (rows 4,5&6 of Table 1). Other types of pottery with peacolored paste (Fig 3) and brown brick like paste (Fig 2) have also been introduced as pottery of this period due to their placement in the layers of the Parthian period , in terms of the comparative of these pottery with the sites of northeastern Iran, such as the Ismail Abad Neishabour site (Davari et al, 2017). In this context, it can be said that one of the most important types of pottery found in this area is Namord pottery. Considering the widespread distribution of Namord pottery in the southeast of Iran and the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, this type of pottery was probably exchanged in the Persian Gulf as a commodity in a limited and local trade between the northern and southern areas of the Persian Gulf. Although Williamson has proposed the Rodan plain and Minab region as the production area of this type of pottery (Williamson. 1972), the Namord type pottery of TomMaron area is also similar in terms of identifying comparable samples in areas such as Kush (Kennet 6.fig :2002). Maliha was obtained on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf.ConclusionThe connection of the Persian Gulf of Iran is not limited to its geographical proximity, but this sea along with its islands and coasts has been a part of Iran’s territory and culture in different historical periods and is a symbol of the manifestations and works of Iranian culture. In this research, according to the distribution and typology of Parthian period pottery in the TomMaron area, the relationship of this area with the areas of the same period was investigated. Based on the present research, 10 types of Parthian period pottery were identified. The results of the typological comparisons show that the similarities between the Parthian pottery of the Rodan region and the neighboring regions, as well as their differences with the distant regions, indicate a wide connection between these regions. Based on the characteristics and typology of the pottery of TomMaron site and the remains of pottery kilns, it can be concluded that this site was one of the main centers of Parthian pottery production on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. The pottery of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf, Kerman, northeastern Iran, and the southern coastal areas of Persian Gulf have the most similarities with the pottery of TomMaron. Also, based on the archaeological excavations of TomMaron and the evidence and data obtained, it seems that the Parthian period sites in Rodan plain follow a homogeneous cultural pattern with other sites on the same horizon in the cultural area of the Persian Gulf. The examples of Parthian pottery in the southern countries of the Persian Gulf also apply due to areas from the northern Persian Gulf and its extensive production in those settlements.