ارزیابی و تحلیل فرهنگ‌های عصر آهن دشت ورامینپیشوا، مبتنی‌‌بر کاوش تپۀ تقی‌آباد

دشت ورامین-پیشوا، از دشت های جنوب شرقی استان تهران و از مهم ترین نواحی فرهنگی مرکز فلات ایران در ادوار مختلف تاریخی به شمار می آید. تپۀ تقی آباد (تپه درازه) با دو برجستگی غربی و شرقی مرتفع و متشکل از لایه های مختلف غنی عصر آهن و مفرغ، در این دشت قرار دارد؛ این محوطه در سال 1397 مورد مطالعه و کنکاش باستان شناختی قرار گرفته است. در این مطالعه، مشخص گردید که این محوطه، دارای نهشته های مختلفی (معماری، سفال، استخوان و...) از عصر آهن 2 و 1 در لایه های فوقانی، و آثاری از مفرغ متاخر در لایه های تحتانی، هم افق با سنت های فرهنگی رایج در فلات است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل یافته های یاد شده و تطبیق آن با یافته های سایر محوطه های دشت ورامین و دیگر محوطه های شاخص همجوار انجام یافته است. پرسش های این پژوهش چنین طرح می شود؛ براساس یافته های باستان شناختی، تحولات فرهنگی تپۀ تقی آباد دربردارندۀ چه نوع سنت های فرهنگی عصر آهن است؟ برهمکنش ها و تاثیر و تاثرات منطقه ای و فرامنطقه ای فرهنگ های رایج عصر آهن دشت ورامین، به واسطۀ یافته های تقی آباد در نوع سفال و معماری، چگونه است؟ برهمین اساس، عصر آهن 2 و 1 دشت ورامین و خاصّه تپۀ تقی آباد، تاحدودی نشان دهندۀ کنش های منطقه ای در دشت ورامین، و قرابت و همگرایی فرامنطقه ای فرهنگی با محوطه های همجوار است؛ بنابراین، می توان چنین پنداشت که محوطه های عصر آهن دشت ورامینپیشوا، بالاخص تپۀ تقی آباد، محصول و برآیند یک جامعۀ پیشرفته با شاخصه های جوامع پیچیدۀ شهری و تطوریافتۀ فرهنگ های پیشین با تاسّی فرهنگی از کُنش های هم افق همجوار در شاخصه هایی به مانند معماری و سفال بوده است. پژوهش پیشِ رو از نظر ساختاری، جزو تحقیقات بنیادی با رویکرد تطبیقیتحلیلی است؛ روش یافته اندوزی، بهره برداری از یافته های یک فصل کاوش باستان شناختی مبتنی بر تحلیل های تاریخی است. نتایج مطالعۀ استقرارهای دشت ورامین از بررسی های باستان شناختی آن و ارزیابی جوامع عصر آهن دشت ورامین براساس کاوش تپۀ تقی آباد، این ناحیه و محوطه را به عنوان منطقه و شاخصه ای مهم در مطالعات مراحل فرهنگ های عصر آهن مرکز فلات ایران قرار داده است.

Evaluation and Analysis of Iron Age Cultures of VaraminPishva Plain, Based on Exploration of Taghiabad Tepe

AbstractVaraminPishva plain is one of the most important cultural areas of the southeastern part of Tehran plateau in different historical periods. Taghabad Tepe with two western and eastern elevations and consisting of different rich layers of Iron and Bronze Age is located in this plain. This site has been studied and archeological research in 1397. In this study, it was found that this area has different deposits from the Iron Age one and two in the upper layers and traces of late bronze in the lower layers along the horizon with the common western traditions on the plateau. The aim of this study was to analyze the mentioned findings and compare it with the findings of other areas of Varamin plain and other neighboring areas. The questions of this research are as follows: based on the archaeological findings of the cultural developments of Taghiabad Tepe, what kind of cultural traditions dose the Iron Age have? What is the influence of regional and transregional cultures of the common Iron Age cultures of Varamin plain due to the Taghabad findings in the type of pottery and architecture? Accordingly, the Iron Age 1and2 of Varamin plain and especially Taghiabad Tepe to some extent shows the regional actions in Varamin plain and the proximity and convergence of the transcultural region with neighboring areas. Keywords: Iron Age, VaraminPishva Plain, Iron Age Settlements, Taghiabad Tepe, Architecture, Pottery.IntroductionVaraminPishva plain, having a suitable geographical position in the slopes of Alborz mountain range and Damavand peak and having a suitable height, has provided suitable ecological conditions for the presence of human communities for a long time. This plain is one of the areas prone to the formation of Iton Age settlements in the northcentral part of Iranian plateau. During the archaeological study of this area in 13911392 AH. Has identified 27 sites belonging to the Iron Age (Figure1), as a result of studding the findings of this study, only a few sites have been introduced and identified. In this research to analyze and study the pattern of establishment and distribution of sites as well as cultural stages of the Iron Age of Varamin plain by analyzing cultural findings identified from  Iron Age sites based on archaeological studies and cultural traditions of this plain by case study, especially pottery, and the architecture identified from workshop A in the eastern ridge of Taghiabad area as well as the surface findings obtained, classified and then the location of this area in VaraminPishva plain next to the Iron Age settlements in the center of Iranian plateau, in a general view, reviewed, evaluation and analysis are included. In this review, understanding the Iron Age communities, especially the Varamin plain will be accompanied by rereading various theories.Research MethodThe present research is structurally one of the basic researches with a comparativeanalytical approach, the method of finding is to exploit the findings of an archaeological excavation chapter based on historical analysis of the findings of Taghibad Tepe. According to the research topic and the variables studied in it, the method of collecting information in the field and data collection tool in this research will be based on archaeological excavations and related reports and articles. Taghiabad TepeTaghiabad area is located in Javadabad rural district and between Taghiabad villages, Khajoo Qaleh and Ajorbast counties in the agricultural lands of Taghiabad village in Varamin city. This site was considered in the framework of joint cooperation between the Institute and the University of Berlin in 1397 AH to collect samples of ancient climate studies from ancient deposits and according to the surface findings of the Iron Age and Bronze Age and according to the situation. The demolition of the site was speculated. The site is located in the west and near the Ali Kharat River. Cultural and settelement findings of this research have been identified in Taghiabad Tepe from workshop A in the ridge No1 of Taghiabad Tepe (eastern ridge) and in the northern side of this Tepe in the area that was excavated with an area of 1/5×2 meters (Figure5). From this Tepe, seven settlement phases with two historical periods from Locus have been identified, which include artifacts from the Iron Age 2 and 1 to the late Bronze Age. The cultural materials of this Tepe are all kind of pottery covered with red, cream and brown mud, gray, architecture (walls and thermal structures) plaster, pounded floor, stone tools such as pounding stone, abrasive stone , burnt plant seeds (in terms of appearance similar to wheat or barley) it has formed a bony specimen, goat horn and clay tokens, etc., which will be described belowConclusionThe results of the study of Varamin plain settlements from its archaeological of Iron Age communities, based on Taghiabad Tepe excavation, this area and site as an important area and indicators in the study of Iron Age cultures and chronology of the Iranian plateau. One of the most important topics in the archeology of the Iranian plateau is how the tradition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and its sequence, one of the important features of Taghiabad Tepe is the presence of communities from the Iron Age and their cultural connection with the Bronze Age which is of great importance in the studies of the tradition from the Bronze Age to Iron (Age)., an area where settlement began in the Iron Age and continued until the Bronze Age . Accordingly, in this study, questions were raised that can be evaluated in this way. The first question was asked about archaeological findings, cultural developments of Taghiabad Tepe and how the cultural traditions of the Iron Age. The urban complex and evolution of later cultures with cultural establishment has been one of the actions of the neighboring horizon in the type of architecture and pottery, especially Gholi Darvish. The second question was asked about the interactions and influence of regional and supraregional cultures of the common cultures of the Iron Age of Varamin plain due to Taghiabad findings in the type of pottery and architecture, which according to the surface findings of 27 sites recorded in studies, archaeological as well as various excavations in Sofalin Tepe, Chalnasian and other areas, this plain to some extent shows intraregional activities with the center of Taghiabad Tepe, with cultural transregional affinity and convergence with adjacent areas in the southern and northern parts of the central plateau of Iran. Therefore, it can be considered that the Iron Age sites of VaraminPishva plain, especially Taghiabad Tepe, are the product of an advanced society with a cultural establishment of adjacent horizon actions in the type of “architecture” and “pottery”. Based on the types of pottery and the type of architecture the cultural sequence of Taghiabad Tepe can be introduced with 7 phases of establishment in two historical monuments. Finally, it can be said that based on the relative and comparative dating of Taghiabad Tepe, it can be dated to the late bronze period of the transition period and the Iron Age of one and two.pe.