بررسی و تحلیل گونه‌شناختی سنگ‌نگاره‌های نویافتۀ باوکی، شهرستان ازنا

صخره های منقوش، شاید قدیمی ترین آثار به جامانده از انسان های پیش از تاریخ باشند. قبل از این که خط به وجود بیاید، بشر نقاشی می کشیده است. این هنر در ایران و به خصوص در غرب کشور (لرستان) سابقه ای بسیار کهن دارد. این مقاله به بررسی نقوش صخره ای نویافتۀ روستای باوکی، شهرستان ازنا در لرستان می پردازد. تاکنون هیچ گونه اقداماتی جهت ثبت این محوطه صورت نگرفته است؛ لذا ثبت و مطالعۀ صخره نگاره های باوکی، در تکمیل نقشۀ باستان شناسی کشور و مطالعات صخره ای از اهمیت فراونی برخوردار است، به ویژه این نقوش دارای تنوع نقش و موضوعاتی روایی است که متفاوت تر از سبک نقش های انسانی و یا حیوانی دیگر صخر ه نگاره های ایران است. پرسش های اصلی پژوهش عبارتنداز: نقوش باوکی دربرگیرندۀ چه نقش هایی است، و سبک و شیوۀ طراحی نقوش چگونه است؟ این نقوش قابل مقایسه با چه مناطقی است؟ هدف از ایجاد نقوش چه بوده است؟ سنگ نگاره های باوکی به چه دورۀ تاریخی تعلق دارند؟ روش پژوهش این مقاله بدین صورت است؛ ابتدا با بررسی پیمایشی منطقۀ ازنا و سنگ نگاره های آن، شناسایی و مورد عکس برداری و مستندنگاری، و سپس تمام نقوش با نرم افزار corel  مورد طراحی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از روش کتابخانه ای به تطبیق نقوش و مردم شناسی و گاهنگاری محوطۀ نویافته پرداخته شد. نتایج پژوهش نشانگر این است که تعداد نگاره های باوکی 74 نقش است که برروی صخر ه های به هم پیوسته و دربرگیرندۀ نقوش: انسانی، حیوانی، هندسی، گیاهی و ابزارآلات است. نگاره ها بسیار ساده و انتزاعی و تعداد محدودی واقع گرایانه ایجاد شده اند. با توجه به بررسی های انجام گرفته می توان گفت که نقوش این محوطه ازنظر کمّی و کیفی قابل مقایسه با نقوش صخره ای مناطق مختلف ایران، مانند: کنده نگاره های تیمره (خمین)، سونگون (ارسباران)، زرینه (قروه) و در خارج از کشور با قوبوستان (آذربایجان)، گغاما (ارمنستان) هستند. با توجه به اطلاعات به دست آمده از نقوش و آثار سفالی به دست آمده از محوطه و اطراف آن، بررسی استقرارهای اطراف محوطه و مقایسۀ نقوش با سایر محوطه های تاریخ گذاری شده در ایران، سبک نقوش، و سایر داده های تاریخی با شرط رعایت احتیاط قدمت نقوش مربوط به عصرآهن می باشد.

Study and Analysis of Typology of Petroglyph: Newly Discovered Bauki in Azna County

AbstractPerhaps painted rocks are the oldest surviving artifacts of prehistoric humans. Man has painted before the letters would create.  This art has a very ancient history in Iran and especially in the west of the country (Lorestan). This article studies the motifs of newly discovered petroglyph of Bauki village, Azna county in Lorestan. So far, no measures have been taken to record this site. Therefore, the record and study of petroglyph Bauki has the great importance in completing the archeological map of the country and the petroglyph studies. In particular, these motifs are variety and have narrative themes which is different from the style of human or animal motifs of other Iranian petroglyphs. The main study questions are: What motifs has designed on Bauki petroglyph and what style and method have used in designs of motifs? What areas are these motifs comparable to? What was the aim of creating the designs? What historical period do the Bauki petroglyphs belong to? The research method of this article has been did both field and desk study that documentary method were applied on comparative of motifs, anthropology and chronology of the newly discovered area. The research results show this The number of Bauki motifs is 74 which is on interconnected rocks and includes the motifs of human, animal, geometric, plant, and instrumental. According to the studies done, it can be said that in quantity and quality, the motifs of this area are similar and comparable to the petroglyph motifs of different regions of Iran, such as petroglyph of Timura (Khomein), Sungun (Arasbaran), Zarrineh (Qorveh) and abroad with Qobustan (Azerbaijan) and Gagama (Armenia). According to the obtained information from the motifs and the pottery evidence from the area and its surroundings, the surveys of the settlements around the site, comparison of motifs with other dated sites in Iran, pattern style and other historical data, subject to caution, is dated to Iron Age motifs.Keywords: Petroglyph, Motif, Iron Age, Bauki.IntroductionPetroglyph is one of the oldest living art traditions in the world, which has lasted for thousands of years. It seems bedrock have been the first surviving surface that man has chosen to record his artworks (Qasimi, 1399: 25). The subjects of petroglyphs are influenced by the geographical, cultural, and environmental conditions of each region. Until 1967 rock carvings were considered insignificant not only in Azna, but in all of Iran, and archaeologists made only minor and transient references to them in reports, but so far many studies have been done and there are many reports on the petroglyph motifs in different parts of Iran. The cultural and historical infrastructure of Lorestan province is so pristine and rich that in any field, especially point of view archaeology, it allows researchers to survey and to study and obtain valuable results. In addition to other archaeological data (pottery, buildings, etc.), other signs, such as the petroglyph motifs left on the rocks are specially worth considering from the point of view of archeology and the culturalartistic interaction of the ancient tribes living in these areas with the surrounding areas, which points to the necessity and importance of the archaeological position of petroglyph in this part of Iran. The present research has been done both method: a desk study and field. The main objectives of the research include: introduction and study of Bauki petroglyph motifs, classification of motifs based on the type and style of petroglyphs, comparative study and similarity of motifs with other parts of Iran and abroad, the proposed chronology is based on the evidence of the relative chronology of the existing motifs.  In this regard, the authors of this study try to answer the following questions: What motifs has designed on Bauki petroglyph and what style and method have used in designs of motifs? What areas are these motifs comparable to? What was the aim of creating the designs? What historical period do the Bauki petroglyphs belong to?DiscussionEach of the Bauki petroglyph motifs has a meaning and most importantly, and most importantly, the existence of ancient habitats and hills related to different periods and around the petroglyph are the important and determinative factors to justify the historical and cultural position of these motifs and the time of their creation. Therefore, for this basis, we can say that:1 About the semiotics and meaning of the selected motifs were pictography and ideography and a limited number of psychography have high concept and were directly related to ethnicreligious faith, beliefs, and environmental conditions which are rooted in the myths and beliefs of the people about animals.2 The motif of a goat is a symbol of seeking rain and abundance and has long been hidden and preserved among the motifs like a spell. For this reason, the motif of the goat in the rocks was abundant and varied3 Motifs found in the area include horses, leopards, dogs and deer. The variety of motifs is directly related to animal species in the region. 4 Some of the animal motifs were native to the area, but today there are no motifs such as leopards in the area. Since the engraved artists of these motifs could not engrave their motifs or paintings except by observing reality. So there is no doubt that in the past, these animals lived in this area.5 There is a relationship between the method of engraving and the position of the motifs and the variety of motifs in the petroglyph of the study area. In terms of workmanship, they are of the petroglyph type and have used smoother rock surfaces to create motifs, the material of which is composed of hard rocks. 6 Regarding the style and manner of presenting the motifs from the point of view of artistic representation (aesthetics), it is simple and abstract and only 4 realistic (animal) cases have been mentioned.ConclusionThe Bauki petroglyphs are very simple and a limited number of realistic motifs. This area contains 74 motifs: animal, human, plant, symbolic and instrumental motifs, most of which are related to animals and humans. The most common method of creating Bauki petroglyphs is engraving and the creating style of the studied motifs has been mostly in an abstract style. All animal motifs are engraved in profile. Ritual dances performed while collecting agricultural products as well as asking for rain. Also, the exaggerated deer antlers are symbolically a symbol of herding and agriculture. Goats are still very important in the lives of people in the region today.The chronological basis of Bauki motifs in terms of morphology with other Iranian petroglyphs and other motifs has been database tools, method to dig stone, engraving tools for these types of motifs. Therefore, these motifs are based on animal motifs, tools found and the smashing type of impact on the rocks, with caution and condition, it has no history beyond the Iron Age and belongs to the second millennium BC. In terms of quantity and quality, the studied motifs, based on carried out surveys can be examined and analyzed with other motifs found in other parts of Iran such as petroglyph of Timura (Khomein), Sungun (Arasbaran), Zarrineh (Qorveh) and abroad with Qobustan (Azerbaijan) and Gagama (Armenia).