واپسین سکۀ سلجوقیان در نیشابور: پژوهشی بر دینار طلای مکشوف از محوطۀ «قهوه‌خانۀ ‌سنگی» برزنون (نیشابور، خراسان‌رضوی)

خراسان در دورۀ سلجوقیان ازمنظر اجتماعی و اقتصادی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار بود و با به قدرت رسیدن سلطان سنجر (552-511 ه .ق.) نیز به هستۀ سیاسی امپراتوری سلجوقی بدل گشت. با حملۀ غزها (548 ه .ق.) و به اسارت درآمدن سلطان سنجر اوضاع سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی خراسان دچار آشفتگی گردید. محوطۀ قهوه خانۀ سنگی برزنون نیز متعلق به دورۀ سلجوقی بوده و با پیدا شدن سکه ای طلایی از سلطان سنجر (ضرب شده در نیشابور به سال 551 ه .ق.) در لایه های سطحی آن، احتمال آن می رود که در کشاکش این حملات رو به ویرانی گذاشته باشد. به واسطۀ چنین هرج ومرج گسترده ای، متون تاریخی اطلاعات پراکنده و متفاوتی دربارۀ این واقعۀ تاریخی دارند؛ پس با در اختیار داشتن چنین سکه ای، علم سکه شناسی با تکیه بر علوم باستان شناسی و تاریخ می تواند اطلاعات ارزشمندی را در اختیار محققین قرار دهد. پس پایه و مایۀ اصلی این مقاله را سکۀ مکشوف از محوطۀ قهوه خانۀ سنگی و نمونۀ نسبتاً مشابهی از آن (احتمالاً ضرب شده در نیشابور به سال 551 ه .ق.)، تشکیل می دهد. پرسش های اصلی این پژوهش عبارتنداز: 1. چگونه می توان با استفاده از این سکه و نمونۀ مشابه آن بخشی از تاریخ آن عصر را بازسازی نمود؟ 2. با توجه به شرایط حاکم زمانی و عوامل تاثیرگذار، سکه های مورد بحث توسط چه کسی و با چه هدفی به ضرب رسیده اند؟ این مقاله بر آن است تا علاوه بر معرفی این سکه های شاخص، به بازسازی و مشخص ساختن علل برخی از حوادث با همراهی داده های سکه شناختی در کنار متون تاریخی بپردازد. در نتیجه مشخص گردید سکه های مورد مطالعه پس از آزادی سلطان سنجر از اسارت و به نام او، توسط موید آی ابه ، در جهت مقابله نمودن با اتحاد سلطان محمود (دورۀ اول حکومت 551-548 ه .ق.) و آتسز خوارزمشاه (551-521 ه .ق.) و کسب مشروعیت لازم برای بقای قدرت و حکومتش در جایگاه امیر تابع سلطان سنجر، در نیشابور و حتی بخش هایی از خراسان ضرب شده باشد.

The Last Seljuk Coin in Neyshabur: A Study of the Gold Dinar Discovered from the “Qahve Khane Sangi” in Barzanun (Neyshabur, Khorasan Razavi)

AbstractKhorasan was of great social and economic importance during the Seljuk period and with the rise to power of Sultan Sanjar (511552 AH), it became the political nucleus of the Seljuk Empire. With the invasion of the Oghuzs (548 AH) and the capture of Sultan Sanjar, the political, social and economic situation of Khorasan became chaotic. The site of the Barzanun “Qahve Khane Sangi” also belongs to the Seljuk period, and with the discovery of gold coins from Sultan Sanjar (minted in Neyshabur in 551 AH) in its surface layers, it is possible. Which has wreaked havoc in the conflict of these attacks. Due to such widespread chaos, historical texts have scattered and different information about this historical event, so by having such a coin, the science of numismatics can rely on the sciences of archeology and history. Provide valuable information to researchers. Therefore, the main basis of this article is the coin discovered from the “Qahve Khane Sangi” and a relatively similar example of it (probably struck in Neyshabur in 551 AH). The main questions of this research are: 1. How can a part of the history of that era be reconstructed using this coin and a similar example? 2. According to the prevailing conditions and influencing factors, by whom and for what purpose were the coins in question minted? In addition to introducing these flag coins, this article intends to reconstruct and determine the causes of some events along with cognitive coin data along with historical texts. As a result, it was determined that the coins studied after the release of Sultan Sanjar from captivity and in his name, by Moayed Ibeh, in order to oppose the alliance of Sultan Mahmoud (the first period of the rule of 551548 AH) and Atsiz Kharazmshah (551 521 AH) and gaining the necessary legitimacy for the survival of his power and rule in the position of Amir affiliated to Sultan Sanjar, has been beaten in Neyshabur and even parts of Khorasan.Keywords: Sultan Sanjar, Neyshabur, Oghuz invasion, Numismatics, Qahve Khane Sangi.IntroductionIn the fall of 2008, the first group of archeology students of Neyshabur University set foot in the “Qahve Khane Sangi” (Barzanun, Neyshabur, Khorasan Razavi) for educational exploration. An examination of the surface data and information from the four trenches in the first chapter of this scientificeducational excavation suggested that the site contained artifacts from the end of the historical period to the Mongol invasion, but the possibility was growing. The main use and peak period of this area was related to the Seljuk period. Thus, a special data, the dinar from the Seljuk period, obtained at the top level of the second trench, could have been a validation of this possibility.The importance of coin discovery in ancient sites lies in the fact that the problem of their exact and somewhat absolute chronology can be based on coins. In other words, the fact that a coin belongs to a particular period or date means that the area in question also existed at that time. In addition, important features such as the name of the coin owner, the name of the mint, and the date of minting on each coin can provide useful historical information. Further study and observations of the authors about the coin discovered in Barzanun show that this coin was also one of the dinars of the reign of Sanjar and was minted in Neyshabur in 551 AH.Coins can be considered a valuable document and the best archaeological data, because they belong to the same era and did not appear like historical texts for the purpose of rereading. So, given that historical texts provide scattered and sometimes contradictory information on events, this shortcoming can be compensated by referring to more reliable documents such as coins. Archaeological data in general, as a relatively reliable reference, confirms, confirms, or completes written source information. In the meantime, completing the information of written sources is doubly important. In other words, these data can reveal dark corners of historical events and currents for historians. This article tries to provide a complete reading of the history of that coin in Neyshabur province from the perspective of archeology and history in addition to the complete introduction of the coin in question, and brings a joint analysis through the two sciences.DiscussionAfter the Qatwan war between Sultan Sanjar and the Qarakhtaeans (536 AH), the Seljuk rule was severely weakened. Many of the emir’s subjects rebelled and claimed independence, and this increased with Sanjar’s aging. . With the invasion of Oghuzs to Khorasan and the capture of Sultan Sanjar (548 AH), widespread chaos spread throughout Khorasan. In addition to the continuous attacks of the Oghuzs, some independent commanders seized power and in addition The Ismailis of Quhistan, Khwarezmshahis and Ghurids conquered large parts of Khorasan. During the captivity of Sanjar (551548 AH), some of his rulers resisted the attacks of the Oghuzs and put Suleiman Shah, the nephew of Sultan Sanjar, on the throne. Suleimanshah was not enough and after the defeat of his army from Oghuzs and the conquest of Neyshabur (549 AH), he went to the realm of Atsiz Kharazmshah and then fled to Iraq, Mahmud, the nephew of Sultan Sanjar, was elected to the throne. The most important Seljuk emir, Moayed Ibeh, was able to dominate some cities of Khorasan, including Neyshabur, and prevent the domination of Oghuzs by expanding his territory. After that, Ibeh separated from the new sultan, Mahmoud, and led his army to independence. After the defeat of Sultan Mahmud in the battle with Oghuzs, he enlisted the help of Atsiz Kharazmshah and at the same time Ibeh was able to free Sanjar from captivity (551 AH). In fact, with the alliance of Sultan Mahmud and Atsiz Kharazmshah, the power and legitimacy of Ibeh was lost, so the release of Sultan Sanjar could and the minting of new coins in his name could guarantee the survival of Ibeh’s rule.ConclusionThe discovery of a golden dinar from Sultan Sanjar, minted in Neyshabur in 551 AH, is one of the most superficial layers of the “Qahve Khane Sangi” area, probably abandoned during this period, and a relatively similar specimen (probably struck in Neyshabur, in 551 AH) was able to provide new information to researchers. Coinage is normally used to meet the economic needs of each city and region, but in such cases coinage is merely a manifestation of power and legitimacy. The minting of these coins can be attributed to the liberation of Sultan Sanjar from captivity and Ibeh’s affirmative efforts to gain more power in Neyshabur and even Khorasan. By minting such coins, he was able to secure two of his main demands, namely, to confront Sultan Mahmud and Atsiz Kharazmshah and to gain the necessary legitimacy to continue his rule as Sultan Sanjar. The existence of written differences on the original coin of this study and a similar example, ie the displacement of the central text in two coins and the lack of writing the date of coinage in the same sample, can confirm the urgent need to mint such coins. In addition, the existence of weight differences between the original coin and a similar pattern (3.1 and 2.82 g) can be a sign of insignificance of monetary weights and independence from the economic system of the period. Although the liberation of Sultan Sanjar could be a great help to Ibeh, it could not be considered a cure for the turmoil in Khorasan, and finally, a little later, Sultan Sanjar died in 552 AH without taking any important and effective action.