بررسی نتایج چهارمین فصل کاوش در بنای ساسانی جهانگیر ایلام

بنای جهانگیر به دنبال مسالۀ قرارگیری در تراز سیلابی سد کنگیر ایوان در استان ایلام، در خلال سال های 1395 تا 1398ه .ش.، کاوش و تعیین عرصه و حریم شد. تاکنون سه مرحلۀ معماری و نقشۀ بخش هایی از یک بنای بزرگ شامل 11 فضا مشخص گردیده که فضای 11 (xi) در چهارمین فصل کاوش پدیدار شد. این فصل از کاوش به دنبال این پرسش که نحوۀ دستیابی و ارتباط بین ساختارها و فضاهای به دست آمده از کاوش های فصول پیشین در پشتۀ مرکزی با تالار اصلی بنا چگونه بوده است؟ و نیز با هدف پی گردی مسیر دسترسی و تشخیص ورودی تالار اصلی انجام شد. نمایان شدن سازۀ مدور معماری در این فضا و آثار منقول ارزشمند، ابعاد جدیدی از این بنا را پیشِ روی ما قرار داد و بر ما روشن گشت که آثار هنری گوناگون آن، متاثر از هنر رایج دورۀ ساسانی با هویت مستقل محلی خود هستند. آغاز استقرار در محوطه به دوران پیش ازتاریخ در بخش شمالی آن بازمی گردد. سپس مجدد در دورۀ اشکانی موردتوجه قرارگرفته و پس از آن در دورۀ ساسانی مجموعه بناهایی، به ویژه در بخش مرکزی آن احداث می شود. نتایج آزمایشات سالیابی همگی تاریخ اواخر ساسانی را برای جهانگیر تایید می کرد، اما پیدا شدن درهم نقرۀ شاپور دوم در این فصل از کاوش، نشان می دهد که احتمالاً حیات در بنا از دورۀ میانۀ ساسانی شروع و تا قرون نخستین اسلامی مورد استقرار متناوب قرار گرفته است. گردآوری اطلاعات این پژوهش به شیوۀ میدانی، کتابخانه ای و آزمایشگاهی صورت گرفته و این نوشتار توصیفیتحلیلی و به روش مقایسه ای انجام شده است. با کاوش در این بنا، نتایج مهمی درمورد درک فرآیند فرهنگی جوامع مرفه دورۀ ساسانی در این حوزۀ فرهنگی از ایرانشهر ساسانی و شیوه های معماری محلی اعیانی در این دوره حاصل شد.

A Review on the Results of the 4th Season of Archaeological Excavations in Jahangir Site, Ilam

AbstractJahangir site, which located in the western part of Sasanian Empire, had been excavated, since 2016 unitl 2019 during the constructing of Kangir Dam in Ilam province. Three architecture phases and plan of a huge building contained 11 spaces had been revealed during three seasons of excavations, and S.XI also revealed in the fourth season of archaeological excavations. Following the research problems of the previous seasons, the most important aim of this season of excavation, is to obtain the connection between the constructions and spaces with the main hall, and also to distinguish the availability and the entrance of the main hall. Maybe a religious function could be imagined for this structure Or it can be a structure for fermenting materials for beer and wine production and portable finds, led us to the new dimensions of Sasanian art, with the indigenous identity. The first stage of the settlements goes back to the prehistoric in the northern part. This site had been used also in Parthian period. A complex of buildings had been constructed in Sasanian era in the central part of the site. The results of dating experiments approve the date of Sasanian for Jahangir site, while the discovery of a Derakhma from Shapour II, shows that the site had been used continuously from the middle Sasanian period until Early Islamic. Gathering the data of this study is based on field study, library and laboratory studies, and descriptiveanalytical method. The results of the excvations in this site, concludes the realization of social process of the highranked level of Sasanian society in the region according to the royallocal architecture methods.Keywords: Jahangir, Architecture, Sasanian, Kangir Dam, Ilam.IntroductionThe Jahangir Building is located 25 km southeast of the Eyvan township in Ilam Province within an inter mountain valley next to Sartang village. In Jahangir 17hectare site, several large monuments and two cemeteries are visible. After four seasons of excavations in central mound, the plan of some parts of an enormous building including 11 spaces, an area in 832 m2 have been revealed. Jahangir building include hall, Eyvan, rooms and courtyard. The walls, arcades, arcs and stuccos exist in this building, and the mortars are rubbles and semibaked and semiimpressed plaster. These materials are quick and pressure and stretching persistent. The height of the walls are different, those made by floating the slabs in mortars and covered them with a plaster/gypsum layer.The S.II, S.III, S.V, S.VII, S.IX, S.XI were one of the most important architectural spaces revealed in S.XI. This space in the size of 15.5×12.5 meters, in fact is the continue of the S.I, in order to revealing the connection between central mound and rectangular halls. The Western gate of rectangular and a roundshaped construction made by slabs and plaster in 2.45 meters distant from the West of the entrance have been found. In order to forming the roundshaped space, especially in outer part, the molded stuccos with a curve into the inside. The diameter of this construction is between 2.30 to 2.45 meters and depth of 64 cm(s). In the Northeast of the floor, there is a round curved part, which is a closed space and have not any pores, and covered by plaster/gypsum. In the absence of any cultural materials related to this structure, it is hard to recognize the function. There were even no traces of debris inside inner part and intentionally filled with a soft brown clay, and there were no trashes or ruin. This structure related to the second settlement plaster floor. In other words, the roundshaped structure with 45 cm(s) height from the first settlement floor, had been built in later periods. Maybe a religious function could be imagined for this structure or it can be a structure for fermenting materials for beer and wine production. The only similar and comparable specie is in Kish palace, which are roundshaped lavers with covered floor besides the vaulted room jahangir, which will describe in detail.The fourth season of excavations at the site was carried out to explore the relation between different structures and spaces discovered in previous seasons. Excavations began in the main hall of the building, clearing the path between the two parts, and opening the entrance to the main hall. In addition to exposing the main entrance in the middle of the west wall of the building, we also found the remains of a stair way, a round gypsum construct and a feature attached to the southeastern corner of the main hall, as well as valuable portable finds. In this Season, a cut was made at the layers exposed in the north side of space XI in order to study the stratigraphy of the building, finding two clay and gypsum floors some 47 and 35 cm thick. This observation supports other finds from the building that there are two construction phases. The lower floor is an stamped layer of brownish soil252 cm deep dating to Parthian period on which the Jahangir Building was constructed in the Sasanian period. In this season of excavations we came across a number of noteworthy facts. First, the site came into attention in Parthian period, but it was in the Sasanian period that a set of building were constructed here, especially in its central part. Dating of finds from previous seasons all point to a date in late Sasanian period, but the discovery of a silver coin of Shapour II in this season, suggests that this building may have been built in middle Sasanian period and continued to be used through early centuries AH It was then used by nomadic people. Three construction phases casn be discerned in the building phase 1 using cobbles and gypsum mortar a building was erected on the earher Parthian remains; phase 2 additional stone structures have been added to the building and repairs have been made, and phase 3 when the building was abandoned and used by nomads.ConclusionThe pottery found in this season is similar to what we have found in previous seasons. The only difference is that we found some typical clinky ware on Feature no. 87, i.e , the last feature excavated in this season, supporting our hypothesis that the Sasanian building was erected on top of a Parthian settlement. We also found some gypsum stuccos with floral and geometric decoration, as well as examples with reverse motifs within different geometric frames reminiscent of the previous season’s finds. Finds include the aforementioned silver coin, in addition to glass, bone implements, and floral remains.