مطالعۀ دست‌افزارهای سنگی محوطه‌های دورۀ مس‌وسنگ شرق استان کردستان

در این نوشتار مصنوعات سنگی به دست آمده از سه محوطه در بخش شرقی استان کردستان مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد. دورۀ مس و سنگ با سنت های سفالی متفاوت نسبت به دورۀ قبل در زاگرس نمایان می شود؛ این تغییرات در مصنوعات سنگی علاوه بر ابزارهای متنوع عمدتاً در ظهور گونه ای از تیغه های بلند و تیغه های داس بسیار منظم و استاندارد ظاهر می شود. با توجه به فراوانی یافته ها، پرسش اصلی در این مقاله این است که فناوری و کارکرد ابزارها در دورۀ مس و سنگ چگونه بوده است؟ این مطالعه نشان می دهد که در این دوره برای جدا کردن برداشته از سنگ مادر، در مراحل اولیه از شیوۀ ضربۀ مستقیم با چکش سخت و در مراحل بعدی ابزارسازی از شیوۀ فشاری استفاده شده است. هم چنین تیغه های بلند و تیغه های داس به دست آمده، با وجود این که از منظر فن تولید، شیوۀ فشاری تداوم دورۀ نوسنگی زاگرس است؛ اما ازنظر ابعاد و هم چنین نسبت طول تیغه ها به عرض آن ها در یک طبقۀ جدید که شاخصی نویافته برای دورۀ مس و سنگ است، معرفی می شوند. وجود ابسیدین و نبود شواهدی از ساخت تیغه های داس از نوعی چخماق تیره رنگ خالص، احتمال ساخت تیغه های تولید شده از این گونه در کارگاه های تخصصی خارج از محوطه و وارداتی بودن آن ها به این محوطه ها را نشان می دهد. نتایج نشان می دهند که شروع ساخت تیغه های داس منظم از دورۀ مس و سنگ جدید آغاز می شود و مهارت ساخت این ابزارها بدون شک مرتبط با وجود افرادی است که تخصص و توانایی خاصی برای این تولیدات داشته و این ابزارها را در مناطق خاصی توزیع می کرده؛ چراکه کمترین دورریز از نوع چخماق مرغوب این تیغه ها در محوطه ها یافت نشده است. درحالی که اغلب دورریزها متعلق به گونه های سنگ چخماقی هستند که در آبرفت رودخانه متصل به محوطه است.

Preliminary Study of Chalcolithic Lithic in the East of Kurdistan Province

AbstractThis paper will focus on Lithic assemblages from three sites in the eastern part of Kurdistan province. The Chalcolithic period appears with different pottery traditions than the earlier period in the Zagros, these changes appear mainly in the emergence of a variety of long blades and very regular and standard sickle blades. Due to the importance and lack of studies on the Chalcolithic Lithic, the main question in this article is what was the technology and function of the tools in the Chalcolithic period? The results show the technology of direct percussion with a hard hammer used to in the primary stages of Chalcolithic, and in the late phase, in addition to the earlier method, the pressure technique has also been used to construction of long blades and sickle blade. Also, long blades and sickle blades, in terms of production technique, are continued in the Neolithic period in the Zagros, but in terms of dimensions as well as the ratio of blade length to width in a new class which is a new indicator for the Chalcolithic period. The results show that the construction of regular sickle blades begins in the late Chalcolithic phase. The skill of making tools is undoubtedly related to exist people who have special ability for these products, and they have distributed these tools in certain areas; because the least waste of highquality flint of these blades has not been found in the sites. While most of the debris belong to raw material that are easily accessible in the riverbed.Keywords: East of Kurdistan, Chalcolithic Period, Lithic Artifact.IntroductionThe stone artifacts in this study are the result of excavations in Tepe Gheshlagh (Motarjem & Sharifi, 2015; Sharifi & Motarjem, 2018), Tepe Kalanan (Saedmoucheshi, 1390), and Golali (Saedmoucheshi, 1398) in Kurdistan province (Figure 1). In this region, the chronology of Tepe Gheshlagh, one of the key site in the Chalcolithic period that shows the sequence of this period (Motarjem & Sharifi, 2014). On the other hand, all samples of artifacts obtained in intact layer and with absolute chronology (Table 1). The Chalcolithic period in the Central Zagros has been studied by many scholars (see Young & Levine, 1974; Abdi, 2002 & 2003; Henrickson, 1983 & 1985), and most studies have focused on pottery and other data. Various sites in this area such as Godin (Young, 1969), Sehgabi (Young & Levine, 1974) have been explored before the Islamic Revolution of Iran and there isn’t an independent report on the technical classification of stone tools. Study of Lithic artifacts in the Central Zagros including superficial study of Tepe BanAsyab (Bernbek et al., 2011), superficial study of Hersin (Mortensen & Smith, 1977), Choghagolan and Towe Khushkeh sites in Islamabad plain (Abdi, 2002). Also, the study of lithic tools tradition in the sixth and fifth millennium BC in the Zagros gets limited to (Kozlowski, 1999; Nishiaki, 2013, 2019) and west of Kurdistan (Hariryan et al., 2021). In this regard, the study of stylistic differences in terms of technology, typology, and access to sources of raw material, as well as trade of some stones such as obsidian is momentous. Therefore, research questions include the following: (1) what is the basis of the toolmaking tradition in East Kurdistan? And (2) Due to socioeconomic complexities that occurred during the Chalcolithic period, what changes have taken place in the Lithic artifacts? The hypothesis of this research is that the PostMlefaatian tradition of tool making has been prevalent in this region. In fact, the purpose of introducing and analyzing of Chalcolithic Lithic is paying attention to them as cultural data that an important role in cultural communication and interactions.ConclusionThe study of stone artifacts during the Chalcolithic period and beyond has never been seriously considered in Iranian archeology, this is due to the prevalence of evolutionary archeology. This approach goes back to the Serialization and connection of cultural transformation circles to each other, without an explanatory and analytical approach to the lifestyle and cultural exchanges and human dynamism in the habitat. Discussions that were considered only after the spread of new archeology. The study of stone artifacts in this study shows that the insignificant quantity of tools in the early and middle phases of Chalcolithic, It shows the focus of the residents of this area on livestock. Because the Habitat around Tepe Gheshlagh and Kalanan are mainly steppe and less fertile. In the late phase, the production of Lithic tools increases, especially the examples related to grain harvesting, which indicates a kind of more attention to crop production. This leads to decline of livestock or the increase of population in the region and even familiarity with new cultivation methods. In the late Chalcolithic, this region has Cultural Horizon with the late Obeid, early Uruk and the Sabz period of Dehloran and Khuzestan. At this time, agriculture based on irrigation has been proposed on southern region such as Susa and Dehloran. In these periods, all the tools used in agriculture, focused on Lithic tools and implements including plowing tools, sickles, mortars and hand tools. In fact, the construction of practical tools, the use of different raw materials, and the interpretation of regular and long sickle blades represent an advanced and evolving technology. The produce of regular sickle blades from high quality stone, disappearance of small scrapers (trapezoidal and triangular) and the limitation of serrated tools are the most important changes in this period compared to the Neolithic period. Lithic assemblages during the 6th and 5th millennia BCE in the Zagros is known as PostMlefaatian tradition (Kozlowski, 1999). The use of pressure Debitage technique to produce long blades and sickle elements is one of the most significant features of this tradition. In the PostMlefaatian, the length of the blades increases. In East Kurdistan, we are faced with two technologies for making stone tools, (1) The use of direct percussion for primarily stage of removing, and (2) The use of pressure technology for construction of sickle blades. We have a limited number of long blades in Gheshlagh and Gelali sites, but the construction of these blades, like other regions of the Zagros, shows the use of the PostMlefaatian tradition in this region.It is probable that after 3 to 4 thousand years of domestication of devolving of wheat stem compared to other species such as Emmer and Einkorn of the Neolithic period, In order to harvest, thicker and stronger blades need to create. The production of thicker blades in this period has been a technical adaptive response to this need. Hence, the discussion over the assumption about the prevalence of irrigation in the Chalcolithic period, even to a limited extent, has led to change in Lithic tools production related to agriculture, especially sickle blades. On the other hand, issues such as the formation of fulltime or parttime expert groups, access to highquality flint mines for proper production, distribution and exchange are raised. As mentioned in the discussion, there is no evidence of regular sickle blades construction on the site, in the eastern Kurdistan. On the other hand, presence of obsidian in Gheshlagh and Kalanan sites show continuation of the old distribution network of the nearest neighbor to the far regions in eastern Kurdistan. The presence of obsidian and lack of evidence for making sickle blades from dark flint, indicate the possibility of making blades produced from this species in specialized workshops outside the site and their import to these areas.