عناصر و جزئیات وابسته به معماری دست‌کند روستای آب‌اَسک، لاریجان، آمل، مازندران

معماری دست کند نیز مانند سایر شاخه های معماری، دارای خطوط ارتباطی محکمی با فرهنگ مردم و زندگی روزمرۀ آن ها است که گرچه در نگاه اول، ساده و ابتدایی به نظر می رسد، ولی درواقع توسط مردمی ساخته شده که همۀ هوش و ظرفیتشان را برای ساختن آن ها به کار گرفته اند. این نوع معماری یکی از نمونه های بارز تعامل با طبیعت و یا معماری گره خورده با بستر طبیعی است. در بخش دست کند روستای آب اسک، مردمان گذشته برای رفع نیازهای روزمرۀ خود اقدام به ایجاد عناصر معماری متنوعی در این محل کرده اند که هرکدام در شکل و شمایلی خاص در معماری این بخش نقش مهمی ایفا می کند. برخی از این عناصر در داخل فضای دست کندها (اتاق ها) و برخی در خارج از اتاق ها ایجاد شده اند. عناصر محیطی شاخصی که بر شکل پذیری کالبد روستا اثرگذار هستند، جغرافیا، امنیت، جاودانگی و دین است که عامل جغرافیا نسبت به دیگر عوامل، بیشترین تاثیر را در فرم سازه های دست کند گذارده است؛ هرچند که تاثیر دیگر عوامل را نمی توان نادیده گرفت. پژوهش حاضر درراستای پاسخ به این پرسش است که عناصر مرتبط با سبک زندگی افراد در این دست کندها چه بوده است؟ روش بررسی این پژوهش، موردی از نوع میدانی و توصیفی است و در بخش دست کند روستای آب اسک، به معرفی و تحلیل عناصر و جزئیات معماری در این دست کندها، ازجمله: پارف، ایوان، سکو، در، پنجره، رف و طاقچه، اجاق، آخور، اخیه و... پرداخته است. در پایان، این پژوهش نشان خواهد داد که مردمان گذشتۀ این منطقه با مهارت بالا در تعامل با طبیعت توانسته اند بیش از 170 واحد دست کند در این محل ایجاد کنند که در 5 گروه موردمطالعه قرار گرفتند. جهت گیری نما در این مجموعه از جنوب تا شمال شرقی انجام شده که در ارتباط با بادهای منطقه و جهت تابش آفتاب، انتخاب حساب شده ای بوده است و گاهنگاری مجموعه با توجه به سفال ها و متون تاریخی، به دوران تاریخیاسلامی قابل تاریخ گذاری است.

Elements and Details Related to the Architecture of Troglodyte, AbeAsk village, Larijan, Amol, Mazandaran Province

AbstractTroglodytic Architecture like other branches of architecture has strong relationship with the culture of the people and their daily lives, which, although at first glance, seems simple and primitive, but in fact were built by people who have used all their intelligence and ability to build them.In Troglodyte part of AbAsk village, the people of the past have tried to create various architectural elements in this place to meet their daily needs, each of which plays an important role in the architecture of this part in a specific shape and image. Some of these elements were created inside the Troglodyte (rooms) and some outside the rooms.Indicative environmental elements that affect the plasticity of the village are geography,security,immortality and religion,which geography has the most impact on the form of Troglodyte compared to other factors. However, the influence of other factors cannot be ignored. What has been the present research in order to answer the question of the elements related to the lifestyle of people in these Troglodyte? Using field and descriptive case study method, in Troglodyte section of AbAsk village, to introduce and analyze architectural elements and details in these Troglodyte including: porch, stone bench, door, window, ledge and niche, stove, manger, and etc. At the end of this study, it will show that the past people of this region with high skills in interacting with nature have been able to create more than 170 Troglodyte in this place, which were studied in 5 groups. The orientation of the facade in this complex has been done from the south to the northeast, which has been a calculated choice in relation to the winds of the region and the direction of the sun and the chronology of the collection, according to the pottery and historical texts, is probable to the historicalIslamic period. Keywords: Troglodyte Architecture, AbeAsk, Architectural Elements and Details, Immortality, Akhyeh.IntroductionThis type of architecture has been created by hand, with the help of tools, in the heart of the soil or in the heart of rocks between dams and precipices. Residents in manmade cave architecture, like living in modern architecture, require the use of elements to meet their needs. They have created the elements of this architecture in the same way in the heart of the rocks and according to their needs, which is diverse. Certainly, the past residents of manmade cave architecture of AbAsk village, in order to meet their needs by creating and organizing the available space in the heart of the rock, have created elements and details along with the residential space; that knowing these elements, as indicators related to lifestyle, will lead to familiarity with the pattern and lifestyle of the inhabitants of this manmade cave village.Manmade cave part of the village, which also has a significant area, has taken on new uses today due to new needs, and due to new uses, new elements have been added to the previous samples.Objectives and necessity of research: Due to the evidence of many rock architecture in Larijan section of Amol city (due to geographical conditions) and the lack of sufficient research in relation to these works, therefore study of the rock formations of AbAsk Village can be used as a prelude to a better understanding of this type of architecture and also, the role of rock architecture in rural tourism planning in Larijan section is very importantResearch questions and hypotheses: What were the elements related to the lifestyle of the people in these manmade caves? It seems that the wind direction of the region and the direction of sunlight have had a significant effect on the direction of the entrance of this manmade cave.ContextAreas of villages in Larijan district in Mazandaran province, among dams and precipices with a length of approximately 45 km, from the summer village of Plour to the village of Punjab, along the Haraz transportation road, have a variety of manmade cave architecture (Mohammadi Nashli and Rostamnejad Nashli , 2013: 2) which in this article we are researching manmade caves of AbeAsk village.Adjacent to the Haraz River, which has permanent water, at the foot of Damavand Mountain, next to numerous mineral springs and travertine makers, and near the coal mine, more than 170 units of manmade cavities inside hardened volcanic sediments (harder than soil and softer than stone) but dominated the plains and adjacent lands created by the peoples of the past.These manmade caves are made on the walls of valleys with a height of 30 to 100 meters, all of which have a special door and hole due to the slope and climatic and perhaps religious reasons, which usually warm in winter and cool in summer in choosing the side. In these settlements, the number of openings is generally small and often only one entrance is enough, although in some, manmade caves, in addition to the opening, a hole is installed in the east direction.Various elements have been used in manmade section of AbeAsk village inside and outside the living space, and here we have tried to introduce and their possible function. Porch, parf, shelter or shelter of wind and cairn from external elements, hall, skylight window, niche, recess, jug, mortar, stove, manger and drinking fountain, room and stake including internal and at the entrance elements, stairs and platform are elements that are seen both outside and inside the space of these manmade caves, are mentioned in this article.ConclusionThis collection includes more than 170 units of manmade cave that have been studied in five groups: residential structures, livestockresidential structures, guard structures, possibly ritualburial structures and structures with unknown use. Chronology of the collection According to the evidence in the historicalIslamic period up to the present century, it is possible that during this period, this collection has also expanded. However, 90% of the units in this collection are still used in fodder ponds and warehouses. Pointing out that about 50% of the collection is related to the present century that people have naturally built existing structures to store fodder and keep their livestock and according to the type of rock.7 units out of total 170 units identified in the collection were debrisremoved that the different feature of these 7 units is the presence of a pounded floor with plaster, which has probably been seen in the side walls in addition to the floor. A number of units in this collection are associated with artificial architecture, which is clearly related to the surviving artificial architecture of the contemporary century and some recent years.Existence of different architectural elements inside and outside the spaces has been a necessity in order to meet the daily needs of the residents, that in this article, a brief introduction to the elements and interior design, which were eventually created simply by working on stone and natural bedding, was obtained.In this collection, the existing architectural elements as inextricably intertwined with other elements, such as walls, floors, ceilings are parts of the space. Each of these elements is embedded in different sizes and dimensions depending on the location and available space; due to this, we see a great variety in the architectural elements of this collection that the elements of each space are specific to that space. The presence of a natural substrate has made it possible to add new elements to the collection over time. These elements are created in the desired space due to the necessity of daily life, and that is why there is not much multiplicity about these elements.