بررسی و مطالعۀ سفال‌های دوران اسلامی دشت قروه استان کردستان

شهرستان قروه در جنوب شرقی استان کردستان واقع شده است و از مناطق مرتفع زاگرس محسوب می شود. این دشت از دوران تاریخی و اسلامی شرایط زیست محیطی بهتری پیدا می کند و همین امر موجب توجه گروه های انسانی به آن بوده است. پژوهش های باستان شناسی در این دشت به نسبت سایر مناطق همجوار به ویژه باستان شناسی دوران اسلامی بسیار اندک صورت پذیرفته است. در سال 1397 ه .ش.، دشت و شهرستان قروه مورد بررسی و شناسایی باستان شناسی قرار گرفت که نتایج این پژوهش بخشی از یافته های آن است. یافته های مورد بحث، شامل مجموعه سفالینه های دوران اسلامی می شود که مهم ترین هدف این پژوهش تلقی می گردد. معرفی و طبقه بندی این یافته ها و ارائه تصویری از وضعیت سفالگری و گونه های رایج سفال دوران اسلامی در این منطقه، ساختار کلی این پژوهش را شکل می دهد. پژوهش صورت گرفته حاکی از شباهت و تطابق یافته های این دشت با مناطق همجوار به ویژه همدان است که از نظر چشم انداز محیطی و بستر فرهنگی، شرایط تقریباً یکسانی دارند. پرسش هایی که برای این پژوهش مطرح است شامل این موارد می شوند: 1. چه گونه هایی از سفال دوران اسلامی در دشت قروه قابل شناسایی است؟ 2. یافته های سفالی مورد مطالعه در کدام بازۀ زمانی تاریخ گذاری می شوند؟ 3. یافته های سفالی دشت قروه با یافته های منطقه ای و فرامنطقه ای چه وجه تشابه ای و تفاوتی دارد؟ نتایج این بررسی نشان می دهد که 12 گونۀ سفالی در مجموعه های سطحی دشت قروه قابل شناسایی است و می توان آن ها را از قرون اولیۀ اسلامی تا عصر حاضر تاریخ گذاری کرد. سفال های مورد مطالعه از نظر شیوۀ ساخت و نقوش با مناطق همجوار بسیار به هم نزدیک اند و حتی می توان گفت که کاملاً شبیه هم هستند، اما در مقایسه با نمونه های فرامنطقه ای هرچند از نظر شیوۀ ساخت مشابه هستند، ولی از نظر طرح های تزئینی تفاوت های کاملاً روشنی دارند.

Study of Islamic Period Pottery in Qorveh Plain of Kurdistan Province

AbstractQorveh county is located in the southeast of Kurdistan province and is considered one of the highlands of Zagros. This plain find better environmental conditions from historical and Islamic times and this had attracted the attention of human groups. Compared to other neighboring areas, archaeological research in this plain has been done very little, especially the Islamic period archeology. In 2018, the plain and the county of Qorveh were surveyed and identified archaeologically that results of this research are part of its findings. The findings will be discussed, including the Islamic period pottery collection which is considered the most important goal of this research. Introducing and classifying these findings and presenting a picture of the situation of pottery and common types of pottery of the Islamic period in this region forms the general structure of this research. The research indicates the similarity and compatibility of the findings of this plain with neighboring areas, especially Hamedan which have almost the same conditions in terms of environmental landscape and cultural context. Questions for this study include: Which types of pottery of the Islamic period can be identified in Qorveh plain? At what time period are the studied pottery findings dated? Do the pottery findings of Qorveh plain show evidence of regional and extraregional interaction? The results of this study show that 12 pottery types can be identified in the surface surveys of Qorveh plain and they can be dated from the early Islamic centuries to the present. The studied pottery is very close to the neighboring areas in terms of technique and patterns and we can even say that they are quite similar; but in comparison with the crossregional although the techniques are similar but are clear differences in terms of decorative motifs. Keywords: Qorveh Plain, Islamic Period, Glazed Ware, Plain Ware.IntroductionQorveh plain is one of the plains of Kurdistan province, which is rich in terms of climate, water resources, vegetation and animals, fertile land, etc., which has always been considered by human groups according to field surveys. However, the history of settlements in this plain date back to the early Chalcolithic period (Mocheshi, 2011), but the role of Islamic sites is colorful in the meantime and archaeological findings show that the plain is dynamic in the Islamic era (Sharifi and Zainivand, 2019). As we know; One of the most important archaeological findings in surface surveys is pottery which by studying it, interesting information about different aspects can be obtained. Therefore, it is necessary to study them, in order to clarify the culture of the communities and the interactions of the study area with other areas. Research Questions: This study tries to answer the following questions by studying the pottery collection obtained from the archeological study of Qorveh region:1) Which types of pottery of the Islamic period can be identified in Qorveh plain?2) At what time period are the studied pottery findings dated?3) What are the similarities and differences between the pottery findings of Qorveh plain and regional and crossregional findings?Research Method: This is a descriptivecomparative study and its findings have been collected in a survey and visit the Sites and hills of Qorveh region in Kurdistan province. At first, the plain was surveyed and 243 sites were identified and about 118 sites have remnants of the Islamic period. In this research, all types of pottery in the identified sites of the plain were considered which after identifying the sites of the Islamic period and collecting pottery findings, the study was conducted in Library study method, using existing sources and documents. In this section, an attempt was made to measure the findings with similar and contemporary samples to determine their relative age. Sites of the Islamic Period in Qorveh PlainIn 2018, Qorveh plain was studied archaeologically (Sharifi and Zainivand, 2018). In this plain, 243 sites were identified, of which 118 sites have remains of the Islamic period, of these sites, except for two bridges, two baths, a flume and a canal that had no pottery finds, the rest had pottery finds which was studied in this research and a total of 12 types of the Islamic era were identified. Important Islamic sites in the plain include Tepe Esfandabad, Mashhadi Agha (Shahabuddin), Kheir Veis, Aghkand, Vinsar, Sajan Tepeh, Abdolabad, Tepe Mireh Soleiman Aghasi and Tepe Hosseinabad.Classification of Qorveh Plain PotteryFrom surface surveys of Qorveh plain, 12 types of pottery belonging to the Islamic period were obtained, which are generally divided into two categories: glazed and unglazed. Glazed pottery includes 7 types (Silhouette, Luster Ware, under glaze painting, painting on glaze, Monochrome glaze, Sgraffito, Blue and white Ware) and unglazed pottery of 5 types (plain pottery without decoration, molded pattern, plastic decoration, incised decoration, studded).Cultural Interactions of Settlements in the Islamic Period of Qorveh PlainConsidering that no archaeological excavations have been carried out in Qorveh Islamic sites and our studies are based only on field studies, as a result, we used pottery findings to identify cultural interactions. As mentioned earlier, most of the pottery techniques in the world are very similar to the studies that have been done on the pottery of the Islamic world. By comparing the pottery of Qorveh plain with the studied pottery of other parts of the country or the world, it can be concluded; Qorveh plain pottery, especially glazed pottery, in terms of technique, shape and color is similar to pottery obtained from Neishabour, Rey, Jirof, Kashan and even Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Syria and Palestine, etc., but in terms of the type of themes, the designs are different. compared to neighboring areas in every sense; technique, shape, and color of the designs are similar. The meaning of neighboring areas is studied sites in Hamedan province, Kermanshah province, Takhte Soleiman and other cities of Kurdistan province which is referred to in the comparison section of potteries.ConclusionThe pottery findings of the Islamic period of Qorveh plain cover the chronological sequence from the early Islamic centuries to the present day. In a general division, the pottery of Qorveh plain is divided into two groups: glazed and unglazed; Glazed pottery includes seven types and unglazed pottery consists of five types. The highest frequency of incised pottery is among unglazed pottery and plain monochrome glazed pottery is among glazed pottery due to the ease of production and the mire incised, which is a special and different style in northwestern Iran. Glazed pottery of recent studies can be dated into three groups: 4th5th centuries AH, 5th to 9th centuries AH, and 10th to 13th centuries AH. unglazed pottery has been used in the region since the early centuries of Islamic period to the present. Among the collected collections, there is a considerable abundance of lowquality pottery but because they are not discovered in the excavation, they cannot be dated securely. However, given that these types of pottery are mostly obtained in temporary settlements with low accumulations, can be cautiously attributed to the settlements of migrants and nomads. By comparing and matching the pottery of the study area with h crossregional pottery production sites, this result is obtained which although the pottery of the Islamic period of Qorveh region is technically similar to remote areas, but in terms of designs, differences can be seen in most of them, and these differences reinforce this hypothesis that most of the pottery obtained from the study has been produced in the region itself (neighboring areas) and the similarities are mostly the result of cultural exchanges with neighboring areas. To determine the origin and production of pottery in Qorveh plain, laboratory studies should be done, which also requires time and costs and the authors hope to achieve this in the future by discovering more examples of scientific exploration in these areas. However, so far, no scientific excavations have been carried out in Islamic period sites of region and there is no evidence of a pottery kiln in this plain, but we have to wait for future studies to comment on this with certainty. However, the types of coarse and low quality pottery scattered in many settlements are the result of local pottery production and luxury and rare specimens are classified as exotic pottery