پژوهشی در معماری شمال کشور از دیدگاه باستان‌شناختی و نقش آن در توسعۀ پایدار (مطالعۀ موردی، منطقۀ باستانی کجور)

وجود برخی نقاط در شمال ایران با آب وهوای متفاوت ویژگی های خاصی را پدید آورده است و از آنجاکه اقلیم در روند شکل گیری فرهنگ و معماری هر منطقه تاثیر مستقیمی دارد، آب وهوای سرد و کوهستانی در منطقۀ کجور نیز سبب شکل گیری معماری متفاوت با سایر نقاط شمال کشور شده است که بیشتر برگرفته از فرهنگ های باستانی این ناحیه است. در این میان معماری و توسعۀ پایدار، بر پایۀ طبیعت گرایی، مخاطب محوری، عملکردگرایی مبتنی بر طراحی بیرونی با تلفیقی از خاطرات، نیازها و زیبایی شناسی مشترک میان باستان شناسی و معماری، فضای بیرونی را طراحی و هدایت می کند. کجور بین دو درۀ هراز و چالوس، در غرب استان مازندران واقع شده که وسیع ترین محوطه ها و آثار شناسایی شده متعلق به دوران اسلامی را در منطقه داراست. این آثار به دو گروه تپه ها، و محوطه ها و بناهای آرامگاهی تقسیم می گردد. در بررسی باستان شناختی آثار دشت میان کوهی کجور، انبوهی از آثار شامل: محوطه، گورستان، معماری سنگ چین، آسیاب سنگی شناسایی گردید که نشان از تاثیرگذاری آن بر فرهنگ و معماری کنونی دارد. براساس داده های سفالی، طیف زمانی محوطه های شناسایی شده از دورۀ پیش ازتاریخ (مس وسنگ میانی و جدید، مفرغ قدیم، آهن)، تا دوران اسلامی (قاجار) را شامل می شود که بیشترین تعداد استقرارگاه ها مربوط به دورۀ تاریخی اشکانی است.پرسش های پژوهش عبارتنداز: 1 تا چه اندازه پیشینۀ باستانی منطقۀ کجور در شکل گیری و توسعۀ معماری بومی و پایدار منطقه نقش داشته است؟ 2 احیای معماری بومی مناطق البرز مرکزی به خصوص منطقۀ کجور چه نقشی در حفظ و نگه داری میراث فرهنگی این مناطق دارد؟ با توجه به حجم انبوه مکان ها، محوطه ها و آثار فرهنگی ادوار مختلف در این منطقه می توان گفت شرایط مساعدی جهت استقرار جوامع انسانی بر این منطقه حکم فرما بوده است. این پژوهش برمبنای توصیف وقایع و پدیده ها، گروه بندی وقایع و پدیده ها، و آشکارسازی روابط همیشگی میان پدیده ها (قوانین علمی) و تدوین نظریه هایی که علل وقایع و پدیده ها را تبیین می کند، به نگارش درآمده است. مقالۀ حاضر تلاش دارد تا ضمن تحلیل نتایج حاصل از این تحقیقات و بررسی تحولات این دوران، به نقش این محوطه ها در توسعۀ پایدار منطقه بپردازد. نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش به روشن شدن اصول پایدار نهفته در معماری مازندران منجر خواهد شد.

A study on the Architecture of the North of the Country from an Archaeological Perspective and its Role in Sustainable Development (Case Study, Kojoor Ancient Area)

AbstractThe existence of some places in northern Iran with different climates has created special features and since the climate has a direct impact on the formation of culture and architecture of each region, cold and mountainous climate in Kojoor region has led to the formation of different architecture from other parts of the north. Which is mostly taken from the ancient cultures of this area. Meanwhile, architecture and sustainable development, based on naturalism, audienceoriented, functionalism based on exterior design with a combination of memories, needs and common aesthetics between archeology and architecture, designs and directs the exterior space. Kojoor is located between Haraz and Chalous valleys in the west of Mazandaran province, which has the widest areas and identified artifacts belonging to the Islamic era in the region. These works are divided into two groups: hills, and grounds and tomb buildings. In the archeological study of the works of Between the mountains plain of Kojoor, a lot of works including yards, cemeteries, ordering stone architecture, stone mills were identified, which shows its impact on the current culture and architecture. According to the clay data, the time range of the identified areas includes from the prehistoric period (Middle and New Bronze Age, Old Bronze, Iron) to the Islamic period (Qajar), with the largest number of settlements belonging to the Parthian historical period. Considering the large number of places, sites and cultural monuments of different periods in this region, it can be said that favorable conditions for the establishment of human societies have ruled this region. The present article tries to analyze the results of this research and examine the developments of this period, to address the role of these areas in the sustainable development of the region. Keywords: Historical, Archaeological Sites, Survey and Identification, Sustainable Development of Kojoor.IntroductionToday, environmental studies are studied in archaeological studies of humanenvironment interactions based on the theory of “systems and bioecological archeology” (Renfrio and Ban,2011:141). Environmental archeology is the knowledge of the relationship between culture and the environment as well as the definition and description of biophysical features and dynamics (Fagan, 2003: 585584) in relation to social and economic systems (Butzer, 1980:419).Explaining the relationship between archeology, man and nature has a long history in human history. Antinaturalistic and naturalistic approaches have always been presented as paradigms of this type of relationship.Kojoor architecture is a suitable example of coordination and integration of archeology with nature, which is the result of various climatic, social, economic, cultural factors, etc., and has received the greatest impact from the climate and nature around it. In this study, in order to study sustainable architecture in Mazandaran (Kojoor), first the concept of sustainability, sustainable development and its impact and goals in architecture have been studied. Then, the study of Mazandaran architecture, especially the effect of climatic, natural and ancient features on it has been considered.Aims and Necessity of Research: This article is the result of several chapters of research and study and archaeological identification of Kojoor section, as a result of which many examples of architectural typology and archaeological findings of the Islamic period were obtained. Due to the fact that not much information about these reports has been published so far and also due to the great diversity of these findings, it was necessary to address them in an independent study. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to study the architecture of the north of the country from an archaeological perspective and its role in sustainable development in the Kojoor region.Question and Hypothesis: These goals are in order to answer the following questions: 1 To what extent has the ancient background of Kojoor region played a role in the formation and development of indigenous and sustainable architecture of the region? 2 What is the role of reviving the native architecture of the Central Alborz regions, especially the Kojoor region, in preserving and preserving the cultural heritage of these regions?Research Method: This research is based on the description of events and phenomena, grouping of events and phenomena, and revealing the permanent relationships between phenomena (scientific laws) and formulating theories that explain the causes of events and phenomena. First, events, objects, and phenomena were studied and then observed, described, and described. Then the common features between the phenomena are identified and finally, finding correlation, continuity, or cause and effect relationships between the variables is considered, in order to achieve scientific theories and laws.Climate of KojoorClimate has a direct effect on the formation of culture and architecture, so the cold and mountainous climate in the Kojoor region has led to the formation of architecture different from other parts of the north with a temperate and humid climate. Due to climatic and environmental conditions, this region has played an effective role in the process of forming sustainable architecture of different Islamic periods.Architectural analysis of the works and buildings of this region shows that despite being influenced by various buildings, both in the principles of architecture and in the principles of decoration, it is influenced by environmental capabilities and climatic conditions. Obviously, a more accurate understanding of the works of the Islamic era of Kojoor region depends on conducting purposeful studies and scientific archaeological excavations to be aware of the intraregional, extraregional cultural relations and sustainable architecture with neighboring regions.In this regard, architecture is perhaps the most important factor in cultural sustainability, because the architecture of each nation is derived from their geographical environment and reflects the culture and customs of society and the way people look at life. What is certain is that the architecture, which is based on beauty and principles, makes the urban and rural atmosphere spectacular and creates a kind of visual beauty that creates peace and pleasure in the viewer.Imamzadehs and tower tombs are the most significant architectural works of this region. One of the most famous shrines of this region, Imamzadeh Ibrahim in Shahnajar village, receives many pilgrims from the surrounding areas daily. The tombs of Taher and Motahar in Hezarkhal village, the tomb of Seyyed Mohammad Kiadbir Salehani in Salehan village, the tomb of Darvish rostam Lashk and the tombs of Darvish rostam and Shahragim in Ataghsarai Zanous are among the important mausoleums of Kojoor style. (Q) are of great importance (Hashemi Zarajabadi, 2002: 145).ConclusionThe study and study of the architecture of each region according to the progress of architectural sciences for the development and growth of each region and Kojoor as one of the important historical regions in all periods, is no exception to this rule. During the past, Kojoor region was considered as one of the human settlements in the geographical area of Central Alborz. The arrangement of the desired elements together can help to study the attitude, type and manner of ethnic and regional relations. Regardless of the type of spaces and forms used, buildings built in mountainous areas from physical structure to decorations related to landscape architecture are visible and easily recognizable. Is. What many Kojoor (mostly religious and residential) buildings have in common is the use of the main element of wood as a skeleton and structure, a decorative element and even partition walls. The diversity of this element and its abundance has always led to its widespread use in architectural structures. Sustainability in architecture can be interpreted as the image and design of future structures, not only with the physical stability of the building, but also with the sustainability of the planet and its energy resources, as seen in the architecture of the Kojoor region. Thus, it seems that sustainability can be conceived based on a model in which available materials and resources are used more efficiently than wasted or ignored.