اهمیت کل‌گرایی و مهندسی تحلیلی در اصلاح بازخوانی محوطه‌ها و آثار تاریخی با توجه به عدم تطابق خوانش‌های انجام‌شده با مبانی علمی مهندسی (محوطه‌های پاسارگاد، طاق‌بستان و بیستون)

سرزمین ایران با توجه به زمین شناسی، توپوگرافی و اقلیم خشن و ناپایدار است. بنابراین بناهای تاریخی مستقر بر آن، همیشه در حال بارگذاری و ناپایداری شرایط هستند و لذا نیاز به نگهداری مستمر به صورت علمی و تجربی دارند. پیش از مرمت و نگهداری، مستندسازی یا خوانش آثار تاریخی مهم ترین بخش مطالعۀ آثار باستانی است که از این طریق می توان به داده ها و اطلاعات کامل درمورد این آثار دست یافت. با استفاده از داده های جمع آوری شده به دانش نهفته در مهندسی این بناها می توان پی برد. عدم شناخت صحیح آثار و عدم توجه کافی به جزئیات و قوانین نهفته در آثار تاریخی، موجب تجزیه و تحلیل ناصحیح و درنتیجه خوانش اشتباه اثر می شود که منجر به گمراهی در راهبردهای مواجه با حفظ اثر و درنتیجه آسیب دیدگی میراث فرهنگی و تاریخی می شود. این مقاله سعی دارد سه خوانش ناصحیح از سه اثر تاریخی معروف را مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار دهد. روش تجزیه و تحلیل در این مقاله بهره برداری از مهندسی تحلیلی و بررسی جزء به جزء پارامترهای اثر و نحوۀ ارتباط با آن هاست که نشان می دهد یک سامانه چگونه ایجاد شده و چه طور کار می کرده است. از این رهگذر، نتیجه گیری می شود که خوانش غلط از یک مجموعۀ تاریخی موجب درک ناصحیح از کارکرد آن اثر شده و می تواند موجب خطا در برخورد و حفظ اثر شود. آثار مورد بررسی قرار گرفته عبارتنداز: محوطۀ پاسارگاد، مجموعۀ تاق بستان و مجموعۀ بیستون. هریک از این سه محوطۀ تاریخی عناصری را در خود دارند که تاکنون معماران و باستان شناسان موضوعیت و کاربری آن ها را به طور کامل تعریف نکرده اند؛ لذا در این مقاله با استناد به تحلیل های سازه ای و روابط عِلّی و معلولی اثبات شده که خوانش برخی از این دانشمندان اشتباه بوده و تلاش شده زاویۀ دید و مسیر جدیدی برای کاوش و شناخت این آثار گشوده شود.

The Importance of Totalitarianism and Analytical Engineering in Correcting the Rereading of Sites and Historical Monuments Due to the Inconsistency of Readings with Scientific and Engineering Principles

AbstractDue to its geology, topography and climate, the land of Iran is rough and unstable. Therefore, the historical monuments located on it are always loading and unstable conditions and therefore need continuous maintenance in a scientific and experimental way. Documenting or reading historical monuments is the most important part of studying antiquities, through which the data and information contained in these monuments can be accessed and using the collected data to understand the knowledge hidden in the engineering of this building. Lack of correct knowledge of the works and insufficient attention to the details and laws hidden in the historical works, leads to incorrect analysis and as a result wrong reading of the work. Which leads to misguidance in policies facing the preservation of monuments and as a result damage to cultural and historical heritage.This article tries to analyze three incorrect readings of three famous historical works. The method of analysis in this paper is the use of analytical engineering and detailed analysis of the parameters of the effect and how to relate to them, which shows how a system was created and how it worked. And through this, it is concluded that a misreading of a historical collection leads to a misunderstanding of the function of that work, which can lead to errors in dealing with and preserving the work. The studied works include Pasargad site, Bostan arch complex and Biston complex. Each of these three historical sites contains elements for which scientists and archaeologists have defined the subject and application so far. Therefore, in this article, citing structural analyzes and causal relationships, it has been proven that the reading of these scientists is wrong and an attempt has been made to open a new perspective and path for exploring and recognizing these works.Keywords: Totalitarianism and Analytical Engineering, Psargad, Taqbostan, Bistoon.IntroductionDue to its location on the earth’s crust, the land of Iran has taken on special geological conditions such as youth and permanent activity of the earth’s crust. On the other hand, due to the local materials used in antiquity, most monuments are very heavy. Therefore, protection and nursing of a wide range of buildings that are in different conditions should be based on science and correct knowledge of the principles of structure, architecture and engineering in general. In order to achieve this goal, the correct processes must be mapped in advance.If we want to pursue engineering reading or engineering documentation, which is the first and most important thing in identifying ancient science, we must have a correct understanding of engineering and its rules, including design and calculation.Pathology and anthropology determine antiquity policies. This concept refers to the reading of antiquities. Therefore, in the proposed process for correct reading of antiquities, it is drawn on the basis that in the first step, we know what we should study and how to analyze it. So, the basic principles are based on two questions. “What?” and how?” In the following, these two concepts will be explained.According to the principles of construction, according to the author, each monument can be divided into three basic parts. These include structural engineering, architecture and interior architecture. In each of these sections, pathology is examined and, in this regard, the mechanical properties of materials, loadbearing capacity, ductility and durability of materials are discussed.The second step is how to analyze what we have found. Depending on the tools and advanced facilities, three types of engineering can be named. These include translation engineering, code engineering and analytical engineeringDiscussionConsidering the concepts and scientific principles expressed in the concept of analytical engineering and the idea of a holistic view of antiquities, in the following, inaccurate readings and analyzes of the three prominent historical works in Iran are examined.According to the hypothesis put forward in the book Pasargad, a number of grooves with holes in their path are referred to as waterways. And based on this hypothesis, it has been stated that the Pasargadae area was a royal garden. Based on the available evidence and considering the materials used in the floor of the canals and the distance between the cavities, which were the socalled comfort ponds, it can be concluded that these canals were in fact a stone foundation that the wall They were insulated with black stone from wood or white stone used on the wallsIn Bostan arch, one can look for a missing link in it by examining various factors such as mountains, faults, headwaters, very wide and flat plains that are very prone to agriculture and green gardens, and then by examining the evidence and Evidence found that this area was a water reservoir. Therefore, the theory of the existence of a hunting ground can be criticized and it can be stated about the mentioned volume that there was no place for a hunting ground in the center of agriculture and dense gardens. On the other hand, there is no evidence that this area is a hunting ground. It seems that the only documents presented in this regard are the carvings done on the walls of the Bostan arch, which cannot be a proof of being a hunting ground in the same area.Farhad Tarash inscription is located next to Kermanshah road and the shape of the stone is cut or blocked and attention to the integrity of the stone and its homogeneity and compaction according to the height of the mountain above it indicates the high quality of building stone and its value.ConclusionDocumenting, finding knowledge, engineering and awareness in historical monuments. A historical monument cannot be considered as a rigid physics, but a historical monument is a function of time and has a current nature. Documenting a historical work should not be limited to data collection, but information should be created with the text and, more importantly, using the basic sciences, the knowledge contained in it and then its hidden engineering should be clarified. Through this process, which is briefly determined by macroscopy and in other words, the virtual (mathematical) definition of the design), the design and effect are dynamic.It is analytical engineering that creates the possibility of totalitarianism and totalitarianism, and in this struggle, while identifying the elements, the relations of all human beings are also clarified. Therefore, in addition to eye vision (eye recognition), archeology must also have indepth identification by another group. To determine the effect in terms of analytical engineering using analytical totalitarianism.The correspondence between macroscopy and the reality of physics is of great importance. In other words, the macroscopic preparation and knowledge of each correlated set requires, quantitatively, analytical modeling. In modeling, each physical component is simulated with its mathematical equivalent.