شواهدی از بازی شمارشی در گورستان عصرآهن 2 و 3 قره‌تپه سگزآباد

در روند پروژۀ تعیین عرصه و حریم قره تپۀ سگزآباد و تپه قبرستان در تیرماه 1395 ه .ش.، شواهدی از یک گورستان در شرق قره تپه و جنوب غرب تپه قبرستان متعلق به عصرآهن 2 و 3 آشکار شد و در کاوش های 1397 و 1398 ه .ش.، در کارگاه 13 و 12 قره تپۀ سگزآباد، یافته های ارزشمندی به دست آمد. از جملۀ این یافته ها، دو شئ لوح مانند هستند؛ یکی از این دو شئ از جنس سنگ و با شکل چهارگوش و به رنگ خاکستری روشن با درازا و پهنایِ 18×12.5 و ضخامت 2.8 سانتی متر با سوراخ هایِ کورِ دایره ای است، این سوراخ ها در 4 ردیف عمودی و 9 ردیف افقی به عمق 1.4 سانتی متر بر یک رویِ شئ ایجاد شده اند. شئ مذکور از گور شمارۀ 8 کارگاه 13 یافت شد. نمونۀ دیگر، بخشی شکسته از یک شئ گِلی چهارگوش به رنگ خاکستری روشن با ابعادِ 5.1×5.86×2.81 سانتی متر با 6 سوراخِ کور دایره ای به عمق 2.2 سانتی متر است که از کارگاه 12 به دست آمد. با توجه به این موضوع دو پرسش اصلی مدنظر این پژوهش عبارتنداز: نمونه های پیشین ازلحاظ ریخت شناسی که مشابه یافته های قره تپه سگزآباد هستند، چه کاربری یا کاربری هایی داشته اند؟ دو شئ یافت شده در قره تپۀ سگزآباد دارای چه نوع کاربری بوده اند؟ دو شئ موردنظر قابل مقایسه با نمونه های به دست آمده از تپه کول تاریکه، هفتوان تپه، همچنین نمونه های به دست آمده از جیران تپۀ ازبکی و گورستان سیلک در هزارۀ اول پیش ازمیلاد، هستند. در این نوشتار به بررسی این اشیاء ازلحاظ ریخت ظاهری و مقایسۀ آن با دیگر یافته های مشابه پرداخته شده و احتمال می رود یافته های مذکور براساس نمونه های دیگر و همچنین نمونه هایی از دوره های قدیمی تر، نوعی لوح برای بازی شمارشی باشند، نَه لوح شمارشی صرف؛ در این راستا ابتدا با جای گذاری یافته ها در بافت باستان شناختی و مقایسۀ تطبیقی با محوطه های هم دوره و سپس سنجش نتایج با نمونه های متقدم از این یافته ها در محوطه های دیگر، به صورت مقدماتی پیشنهادِ کاربری بازی شمارشی یا تختۀ بازی برای اشیاء مذکور ارائه شده است.

Some Evidence of Counting Game in Iron Age II and III of Qara Tappeh Cemetery in Sagzabad

AbstractIn determining the boundaries of Qara Tappeh Sagzabad and Tappeh Qabristan in July 2016, evidence of a cemetery in the east of Qara Tappeh and southwest of Tappeh Qabristan belonging they revealed to the Iron Age 2 and 3 under sedimentary layers. In the 2018 and 2019 seasons of excavations, we got valuable findings in trenches 13 and 12 on the site. Among these findings are two tabletlike objects, one of these two objects, made of stone with a rectangular shape and light gray with a length and width of 12.5 × 18 cm and a thickness of 2.8 cm with circular blind holes, The holes made in four vertical rows and nine horizontal rows to a depth of 1.4 cm on one side of the object. We found the object in Grave No. 8 of Trench 13. Another example is a broken part of a gray rectangular clay object measuring 5.1 x 5.86 cm long and 2.81 cm thick with six circular blind holes 2.2 cm deep. We excavated this object from Trench 12. The two objects in question are comparable to the specimens found from KulTarikeh, Haftavan Tappeh, and specimens unearthed from the neighbors of the Uzbeki archaeological site and the Sialk cemetery in the first millennium BC. This article examines these objects in terms of morphology and compares them with other similar findings, and it is likely that these findings, based on other examples and examples from older periods, are a kind of tablet for counting games; First by placing the findings in the archaeological context and comparative comparison with contemporaneous sites and then measuring the results with earlier examples of these findings in other archaeological sites, a preliminary proposal to use a counting game or board game for objects provided.Keywords: Iron Age, Sagzabad, Qara Tappeh, Numerical Tablet, Boardgame.IntroductionSince the first archaeological excavations in West Asia to the present day, thousands of types of objects have been discovered from archaeological sites, and researchers have proposed various approaches for the functional interpretation of each object. Among these approaches has been a comparative comparison of the findings with other similar findings and an understanding of the functional concept of the object in the archaeological context. Examples of objects found over a long period from the Late Neolithic period to the Achaemenid period and later in various areas from Egypt to Central Asia have been called game boards. In the excavations of the 2018 and 2019 years seasons in the Qara Tappeh of Sagzabad, similar findings were obtained with these samples. Initially, the findings were assumed to be a common type of board game in ancient West Asian cultures. Further study in this field revealed that unfortunately, no correct definition of the board has been provided in the archaeological literature of West Asia and different these forms from the Neolithic period to the first Islamic century (7th century AD) in this region known or registered. Therefore, the samples were compared with objects called board games, and a suggestion was made to use them. Thus, first, the desired findings and the texture of the place of their discovery are described, and then a brief review of the type of cultural materials called game boards done, and finally, the desired materials analyzed and we make comparative conclusions. Based on this, these findings can be nearcertainty examples with the use of counting games. The two morphological objects found in the Qara Tappeh excavations can be like the examples from the findings of the West Asian sites, which are known as game boards in the archeological cultures of the region. For this issue, the two fundamental questions of this research will be in the following order.1 What is the use of the previous samples in terms of morphology that are like the findings of Qara Tappeh Seghzabad?2 What kind of Function can the two objects found in Qara Tappeh Sagzabad represent?Identified TracesQara Tappeh is one of the key sites of the Iron Age in the center of the Iranian plateau. Two special findings have been obtained, which are like ancient game boards. The relative and absolute chronology show that these two objects belong to the first millennium BC. Game boards are among the archaeological finds found in large geographical and cultural areas of West Asia and North Africa and the Indian subcontinent, simultaneously with the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, and the Mesopotamian Dynasty, Egypt up to the Achaemenid period, Perhaps the oldest examples of this are, for example, what introduced by Hole (1977: 215) from the Neolithic site of Choghasefid and Kirkbride (1966: 34) of Beidha and Rollefson (1977) of the Ain Al Ghazal. Various other types of game boards with The Game of 20 Square, The Game of 58 Holes, Senet, Mehen, Mankala, Nine men’s morris, Backgammon, and Chess have been introduced from ancient cultures. With certainty, examples of Qara Tappeh can be one game of 58 holes. This game Rule is less well known, but the overall morphology of the game shows that this board Has been a kind of racing game, pieces like pins could be inserted into the holes of the board and move along a certain path according to the number of dice poured, the name of the game is a description of the appearance of the game but always the number of holes on the board Not equal, it thought that this game invented in Egypt during the ninth to twelfth dynasties (2100 BC) and has been widespread in Egypt since the late third millennium BC. Has found. This game was common during the second millennium BC of Mesopotamia and among its close neighbors. Archaeologists have not found examples of this game in various areas of the region after the 6th century BC. (de voogt et al., 2013: 17181719). The samples found from Qara Tappeh can be considered as a type of game of 58hole based on the morphological comparison.ConclusionWhat is found in the trench of 13 Qara Tappeh with 36 blind holes and a passing hole in the highest part of the tablet can be among the types that are known as the game with 58 holes, the closest example in terms of the number of holes on the find, sample Is introduced in the surface survey of the Kul Tarikeh. Another example that is similar in shape to the two aforementioned examples is the example introduced from the Haftavan. This finding, however, unlike the two aforementioned findings, has 3 horizontal rows and 8 vertical rows. If we accept that the tablet found in Trench 13 is a kind of board game, we must say that there are no special rules for the type of use. On the other hand, the presence of an allround hole in the upper part of the find can indicate that the tablet could hang from somewhere. Finally, according to the relative comparisons, the object found in Trench 12 can be considered as a broken piece of a game 58holes. But in the case of Trench 13, this must be considered more carefully. Only according to the appearance of the object can be considered as a preliminary use of the game of 58holes for it.