شواهد عصرمفرغ جدید (1450-1250پ.م.) حوضۀ زاب براساس کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی تپه‌آخوران

یکی از مناطق مهم جنوب دریاچۀ ارومیه، حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب است که با توجه به آبگیری سدهای سردشت و کانی سیب کاوش های باستان شناسی در آن انجام گرفت. این منطقه به دلیل همجواری با مناطق قفقاز جنوبی و شرق آناتولی از اهمیت بسیاری درخصوص تعاملات فرهنگی برخوردار است. تپه آخوران یکی از محوطه های عصرمفرغ جدید در حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب است که علاوه بر اهداف نجات بخشی با هدف بررسی نوع استقرار، کاوش باستان شناسی در آن صورت گرفت. عصر مفرغ را سرآغاز تحولات عمدۀ اجتماعی در اوایل هزارۀ سوم پیش ازمیلاد، می دانند. در توالی باستان شناختی حسنلو به دلیل نقاط ضعفی که در مسائل روش شناختی و نظری وجود داشت، در سال های اخیر بازنگری های کلی صورت گرفت و تقسیم بندی جدیدی توسط دانتی ارائه گردید که در گاه نگاری جدید، حسنلوی v که پیش تر آن را با عنوان عصرآهن i می شناختیم، اما اکنون از آن به عنوان عصرمفرغ جدید یاد می شود. از ویژگی های عصرمفرغ جدید، گوناگونی فرهنگی و نَه همگونی فرهنگی در منطقۀ شمال غرب است. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با مطالعۀ مواد فرهنگی متعلق به سنت فرهنگی مفرغ جدید در تپه آخوران به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که چگونه ارتباطات و مناسبات فرهنگی بین این نقطه با دیگر مناطق حضور فرهنگ مفرغ جدید برقرار بوده است؟ همچنین گاه نگاری آخوران به چه ترتیب بوده است؟ نتایج کاوش های باستان شناسی منجر به شناسایی اردوگاهی از عصرمفرغ جدید گردید. همچنین مطالعۀ مواد فرهنگی آخوران نشانگر حضور سنت سفالین مفرغ جدید است. مطالعات و گاه نگاری نسبی سفال ها نشان داد که بیشترین تعاملات و تاثیرات فرهنگی با مناطق حسنلو و خارج از مرزهای ایران با مناطق آناتولی و کردستان عراق بوده است. پژوهش حاضر برمبنای کاوش های باستان شناسی و سپس مطالعات کتابخانه ای صورت گرفته است و با رویکرد توصیفیتحلیلی تلاش دارد به معرفی سفال های نویافتۀ عصرمفرغ جدید (حسنلوی v: 14501250 پ.م.) بپردازد.

Evidence of Late Bronze age in Zab Basin, Based on Archaeological Excavation of Akhoran

AbstractThe Zab River basin contains the cities of Piranshahr and Sardasht in West Azerbaijan and parts of the city of Baneh in Kurdistan. The Zab River rises from the Northwest highlands of Piranshahr and after joining many branches passes through the highlands of Alan in Iran and enters Iraq. The extension of this basin is a relatively vertical strip along the IranIraq border and the Little Zab River. Its orientation is Northwest to southeast and from west to east. The Zab Basin is located in an area with a cold and temperate mountainous climate, a Mediterranean rainfall regime, with average annual temperatures between 11.7°C and 13. 3°C and, 700 ml annual rainfall (Hojabri et al 95). This article tries to answer the question of how the cultural relations between this point and other areas of the presence of the late bronze culture have been established by studying the cultural materials belonging to the late bronze cultural tradition in Akhoran tepe. Also, what was the chronology of the stables? The results of archaeological excavations led to the identification of a late Bronze Age camp. The study of Akhoran cultural materials also indicates the presence of a late bronze pottery tradition. Studies and relative chronology of pottery showed that most of the cultural interactions and influences were with Hasanlu regions and outside the borders of Iran with Anatolia and Iraqi Kurdistan. The present study is based on archaeological excavations and then library studies and with a descriptiveanalytical approach tries to introduce new pottery of the late Bronze Age.Keywords: Northwest of Iran, Late Bronze Age, Zab Basin, Akhoran Tepe, Archaeological Excavation, East of Anatoli.IntroductionThe Bronze Age is considered to be the beginning of major social changes in the early third millennium BC. The Hasanlu VI period or the Middle Bronze Age covers from 2100 to 1700 BC (Danti 2013:332 .Table 17.1). During this period, multicolored and painted wares were commonly used in large parts of Azerbaijan (Dyson 1969). Hasanlu VI ceramic designs were in crossed, checkered, and triangle forms (Dyson 1965). The simple painted pottery, which is the characteristic of the Middle of the 2nd millennium BC, is the same as synchronously identified dishes of Khabur from Northern Mesopotamia and South West Turkey (Dyson 1969: 4344). Our information on late bronze age in northwest Iran is quite limited. Hasanlu V, is of great importance in this region, but the period has been given relatively little attention. We therefore selected Akhoran Tepe for excavation with the goal of closing this chronological gap in our understanding of Iranian prehistory.As a local center, the Zab basin generally witnessed the alternation of contacts and conflicts, as is evidenced by the varying patterns in the distribution of recorded sites. Unlike what is characteristic of Mesopotamia and southern Iran in the fourth millennium BC, it has not yet produced any traces of extended settlements and social complexities. Previous studies have illustrated that northwest Iran maintained contacts with regions south of Caucasia and the valleys hemmed in by the Aras and Kura rivers to the north, the Central Zagros to the south, and eastern Anatolia and north Mesopotamia to the west via mountain passes. Recent archaeological data from the adjacent neighboring regions has corroborated this observation. Therefore, serious investigation in the region has the potential to shed light on broad cultural interactions and evolutions in the middle and northern Middle East. The data from Akhoran is thus of considerable importance in this respect, and can improve our understanding of regional and interregional interactions. A foremost purpose of this paper is to look into the ties and connections between Akhoran and northwest Iran as a whole, and to explore intra and interregional interactions.One of our fundamental problems in North West Iran was the lack of excavations, with little information about the Archaeology of the region. The current paper focuses on Akhoran Tepe since we have had a little knowledge about the late Bronze Age in the Little Zab River. Archaeological BackgroundNorth West Iran has a particular Archeological importance since it accumulates different prehistoric periods. The area is also important from the point of view of Archeological literature since it is at a crossroad facilitating the passing of nations and trading. With regard to the history, the basin is among those that attracted the attention of domestic and foreign scholars at the dawn of professional Archaeology in Iran (Motarjem Sharifi 2014: 50).A longlasting Hasanlu Project started by the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania in 1956 under the guidance of Robert H. Dyson, is the most significant work carried out in this basin (Dyson, 1968; 1969). On the other hand, the work at Yanik Tepe, the Northeastern basin of the lake began in 1960 by Charles Burney that furnished important details, among them the identification of the TransCaucasian culture’s infiltration into Northwestern Iran (Burney 1961; 1962; 1964). Indeed, earlier excavations conducted by BurtonBrown at Geoy Tepe, in the same basin, had uncovered evidence of the TransCaucasian culture at Level K (Burton Brown 1951). Later excavations by Burney at Haftvan Tepe brought to light further aspects of the Bronze and Iron Age cultures.This region experienced the Middle Bronze culture known as Urmia ware with monochrome and polychrome pottery. Danti divides the Middle Bronze Age into three periods (Danti 2013: 332).We also know about the Urmia ware in Haftavan VIB. Investigation and recognition of the Urmia ware was carried out by Edwards (Edwards 1983).ConclusionAkhoran can well supplement the limited dataset at hand for Hasanlu V. An important point about this site is the absence of the middle bronze material culture. Tepe Akhoran is one of the sites with deposits of the Late bronze age within the prospective reservoir of the kani sib Dam. The main objective of this excavations is to establish the cultural sequence of the site. Other aims include dating the most important settlement attested at the site, and pinpointing the subsistence system of the late bronze age community that occupied it. The nature of the settlement and material culture of the Hasanlu VI period in Dinkhah Tepe and the limitation of the Khabur pottery to the southern areas of Lake Urmia strongly suggest that during this period, people from Mesopotamia migrated to the Ušnu Solduz valley (Danti et al 2004.584). In the Piranshahr area, excavations at Akhoran Hill provided evidence of a new bronze tradition in the Zab Basin.The most important cultural material of the Akhorn in late bronze age is potteries, which is produced in a simple and painted sherds. The pottery from Tepe Akhoran is comparable to the material coming from the, Azerbaijan and the Anatoly. The pottery is decorated with geometric patterns. The shape of the dishes is more inclined to closedmouth dishes. Also, what the data of Akhoran excavations show indicates the cultural relations of this region with other parts of the Urmia Lake basin, including Hasanlu, and outside the borders of Iran, the areas of Anatolia and Iraqi Kurdistan. This area may be geographically more inclined to Anatolia.