تاثیر باستان‌گرایی و ملی‌گرایی بر نگاره‌های سنگ قبور دورۀ قاجار گورستان دارالسلام شیراز

سنگ قبور از مظاهر ارزشمند هنر اسلامی به شمار می رود؛ به طوری که در ویژگی ها، نقوش و حتی فرم آن ها، اندیشه، اعتقادات و ارزش های فرهنگ ایرانیاسلامی را می توان مشاهده نمود. پژوهش حاضر که از نوع توصیفیتحلیلی بوده و یافته های آن مبتنی بر بررسی های میدانی و مطالعات اسناد گردآوری شده است، به بررسی و تحلیل نقوش سنگ قبور دورۀ قاجار گورستان دارالسلام شیراز پرداخته و در این راستا اهداف پیشِ رو را دنبال می کند: 1 سنگ قبرهای دارالسلام شیراز دارای چه نقوشی بوده و مضامین نمادین آن ها چیست؟ 2 نقوش ایجاد شده برروی سنگ قبرهای دارالسلام شیراز ردپای باورهای اسطوره ای و مذهبی کدام دوره یا ادوار تاریخی و فرهنگی ایران را نمایان می سازد؟ بررسی های صورت گرفته بر روی سنگ قبور مربوط به عصر قاجار گورستان دارالسلام شیراز اثبات می کند که این سنگ قبرها شامل نقوش متنوعی از تصاویر انسانی، حیوانی، گیاهی، هندسی و کتیبه است. به طور کلی، بیشتر این نقوش در عین دارا بودن معانی و نمادین خاص، متاثر از فرهنگ منطقه، اعتقادات و موقعیت زمانی و مکانی خود هستند. از طرف دیگر با توجه به غالب شدن تفکر ملی گرایی در دورۀ قاجار، تصاویر این سنگ قبرها به گونه ای تداوم نقش مایه های دوران ساسانی و هخامنشی را نشان می دهند که با فرم و محتوایی نسبتاً متفاوت ایجاد شده است.

The Impact of Archeology and Nationalism on the Tombstones of the Qajar Period in DaralSalam Cemetery, Shiraz

AbstractThe present descriptiveanalytical study and its findings are based on field and document studies, and examines and analyzes the tombstones of the Qajar period of Dar alSalam Cemetery in Shiraz, and tries to study and understand the designs of the tombstones of Dar alSalam Shiraz, their symbolic themes, and their traces of mythical and religious beliefs of each historical or cultural period. Studies on tombstones related to the Qajar era of Dar alSalam Cemetery in Shiraz prove that these tombstones contain various designs of human, animal, plant, geometric, and inscriptions. In general, most of these motifs, while having special meanings and symbols, are influenced by the culture of the region, beliefs, and their temporal and spatial place. On the other hand, due to the predominance of nationalist thought in the Qajar period, the images of these tombstones show a continuation of the motifs of the Sassanid and Achaemenid eras, which were created with a relatively different form and content. On the other hand, due to the predominance of nationalist thought in the Qajar period, the images of these tombstones show a continuation of the motifs of the Sassanid and Achaemenid eras, which were created with a relatively different form and content.Keywords: Shiraz, DaralSalam Cemetery, Tombstone, Nationalism, Achaemenid, Sassanian.IntroductionFars province, like other regions of the Iranian plateau, has been inhabited by various groups and ethnic groups since ancient times, and in this regard, several cemeteries have been established to bury their dead. Dar alSalam Shiraz is one of the seven old cemeteries in Shiraz that Moinuddin Abolghasem Junaid Shirazi mentioned in his book. There are tombstones from the early Islamic centuries to recent times, which indicate the importance of this cemetery. There are several designs on the tombstones of Dar alSalam cemetery. Including human motifs, animal motifs, plant motifs, geometric motifs, calligraphy, and inscriptions. In general, discovering the meaning and concept of the designs created on tombstones and their symbolic nature can unify many of the forgotten secrets and points of regional and national history, art, and culture with more unity and meaning. In this regard, the present study examines and analyzes the tombstone motifs of Shiraz Dar alSalam Cemetery, especially the tombstones of the Qajar period, and by examining them, in addition to identifying the created motifs and their symbolism, seeks to trace the motifs through periods and among the mythical beliefs and religions of past periods.Research & Hypotheses Questions: 1 What are the designs of the tombstones of Dar alSalam Shiraz and what are their symbolic themes? 2 The designs created on the tombstones of Dar alSalam Shiraz shows which traces of mythical and religious beliefs of the historical or cultural period of Iran?1. These tombstones contain various designs of human, animal, plant, geometric, and inscription images. In general, most of these motifs, while having special meanings and symbols, are influenced by the culture of the region, beliefs, and their temporal and spatial place. 2. Considering the predominance of nationalist thought in the Qajar period, the images of these tombstones show the continuation of the motifs of the Sassanid and Achaemenid periods, which was created with a relatively different form and content.Classification of Tombstones of the Qajar Period of Dar alSalam ShirazIn general, the images engraved on the tombstones of Dar alSalam Shiraz, except lines and inscriptions, can be divided into a general category into the following groups: 1 Plant motifs, 2 Human motifs, 3 Animals and birds Motif, 4 Patterns of objects and geometric and abstract shapesConclusionThe study of the tombstones of the Qajar period of Dar alSalam Cemetery in Shiraz proves that these tombstones have various designs, including anthropogenic images, animal, plant, geometric, calligraphy, and inscription. Studying the motifs of this group of works and examining the social, political, and religious situation of the Qajar era, shows that most of these motifs are symbolic and rooted in the history and culture of Iran and are influenced by the region’s culture, beliefs, and temporal and spatial position. Also, the images of these tombstones are a kind of continuation of the motifs of the Sassanid and Achaemenid periods, which have been created with a relatively different form and content. The motifs of cypress trees and lotus flowers are among the main paintings of Persepolis and the human images with lotus flowers in his hands, in a way reminiscent of the role of the Achaemenid kings in Persepolis and palace paintings. Sassanid monuments such as Bishapour Palace, which are among the first examples of images in Iran with a flower in hand. Horsemen and hunting scenes of animals such as lions, which are often seen on the tombstones of the Qajar period Dar alSalam Dar alSalam Shiraz; It has its roots in the history and culture of Iran, especially in the Persian region; Such patterns can be seen on Achaemenid seals found in Persepolis and other places, as well as on Sassanid gold and silver vessels. Finally, it should be acknowledged that among the reasons for creating these common themes between the tombstones of Dar alSalam Shiraz and the remnants of ancient civilizations of Iran such as the Achaemenids and Sassanians, in addition to the rule of nationalist thought in the Qajar period and the influence of the Persian climate (from The cypress tree, which is one of the special trees and vegetation of the region and is found in abundance in the region (especially Shiraz), is the location of Dar alSalam Cemetery in a place that was once the center of the rule of the Achaemenid and Sassanid states, which itself is the main The most influential factors on the thoughts of the people of the Qajar period and the continuity of the designs of the past.