نخ‌ریسی، نمودی از مولفه‌های اقتصاد معیشتی درونزای جوامع نیمه‌یکجانشین رمه‌دار (مطالعۀ موردی: سردوک‌های مکشوف از کاوش تپۀ پشت‌فرودگاه)

سردوک ها در زمرۀ مواد فرهنگی موردتوجه و نیاز اصلی جوامع رمه دار و نیمه یکجانشین و ازجمله آثاری هستند که ارتباط مستقیم با الگوی معیشت و تولیدات داخلی درونزای البسه و الیاف جوامع اولیه دارند که در تحلیل یافته های محوطه های باستانی تفسیر می شوند. محوطۀ پشت فرودگاه دشت ملایر نیز از این خصیصه مستثنی نبوده و تعداد 123 سردوک به دست آمده در بین یافته های کاوش باستان شناختی آن، ازلحاظ گونه و فراوانی، حضور چشمگیری دارند؛ سردوک های این محوطه را می توان در دو گروه اصلی محدب و مخروطی تقسیم کرد که هر گروه به دو زیرشاخۀ منقوش و ساده، و ازنظر کیفیت ساخت نیز در دو گروه متوسط و خشن قابل تفکیک و گونه شناسی هستند. تمامی سردوک ها از جنس گِل پخته (سفالی) با آمیزۀ گیاهی و در اندازۀ مختلف ساخته شده است؛ برخی از سردوک ها داری نقوش گود هستند که به واسطۀ وسیله ای نوک تیز ایجاد شده است. هدف این پژوهش در وهلۀ اول، گونه شناسی و مطالعۀ سردوک ها، و در وهلۀ دوم، تحلیل الگوی معیشت وابسته به تولید منسوجات تپۀ پشت فرودگاه خواهد بود. تعداد قابل توجه سردوک های تپۀ پشت فرودگاه و کاربرد آن در تولید نخ می تواند با تحلیل آن بر الیاف تولیدشده و چگونگی سازماندهی این تولید، کمک شایان نماید. روش پژوهش حاضر، مبتنی بر مطالعات تطبیقی و با رویکرد توصیفیتحلیلی، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش هاست: سردوک های مکشوف تپۀ پشت فرودگاه از چه گونه و فرم هایی تشکیل شده و باتوجه به نوع فرم و اندازه ها در تولید چه نوع نخ هایی مورد استفاده بوده است؟ با توجه به نوع نیمه یکجانشینی جوامع تپۀ پشت فرودگاه و فراوانی سردوک ها، تولید منسوجات در این محوطه برای مصارف محلی و داخلی و یا برونزا و دادوستد فرامنطقه ای بوده است؟ باتوجه به نوع استقرار نیمه یکجانشین و کوچ رویی و شیوۀ تولید اقتصادی متکی بر گلّه داری جوامع اولیۀ زاگرس مرکزی و نیز مشخصاً محوطۀ تپه پشت فرودگاه، به نظر می رسد براساس تنوع سردوک های این محوطه در نوع مواد، کیفیت ساخت، فرم و اندازۀ گونه ها، عمدتاً این سردوک ها در الیاف پشم برای مصارف محلی و دادوستد فرامنطقه ای در تامین نیازهای اولیه بوده است.

spinning, a manifestation of the components of the endogenous livelihood economy of semiunilateral establishment sheep communities (case study: spindle whorls discovered from fxcavation poshtehforodgah tepe)

abstractspindle whorls are among the main cultural materials and needs of animal husbandry and semi”frozen” societies and are among the works that are directly related to the pattern of livelihood and production in the clothing family and fibers of early societies. to be. which are interpreted in the analysis of the findings of ancient sites. the area behind malayer plain poshtehforodgah tepe is no exception to this feature, and the number of 123 spindle whorls found among its archaeological excavation findings has a significant presence in terms of type and f. the main stones of this area can be divided into two groups: convex and conical, each of which is divided into two subbranches: painted and simple, and in terms of quality of construction, they can be divided into two groups: medium and roughly divided. all spindle whorls are made of baked clay with a mixture of herbs and in different sizes. the purpose of this research is in the first stage, typology and study of saddles and in the second stage, analysis of livelihood model related to the production of textiles in the hills posht forodgah. a significant number of poshtehforodgah tepe and its application in the production of yarn by analyzing it on the produced fibers and how to organize this production can help a lot. the method of the present research, based on comparative studies and with a descriptiveanalytical approach, seeks to answer these questions: what kind and forms of hymns discovered poshtehforodgah tepe and what threads are used in its production? given the semiunilateral of the tepe communities poshtehforodgah tepe and the abundance of sardok, the production of textiles in this area has been for local and domestic use and transregional trade? considering the semiunilateral and nomadic settlement and the method of economic production based on animal husbandry in the early communities of the central zagros and the hills poshtehforodgah tepe, it seems that based on the variety of mounds in type of material, quality of species, shape and size, these wool fibers they are mainly used for local use and trade outside the region to meet basic needs.keywords: late neolithic, chalcolithic, poshtehforodgah tepe, typology, spindle whorl.introductionspindle whorl is a cultural object and cultural material that is mainly made of stone, bone, wood, etc., which provides the first manifestations and old evidence from different stages of fabric production.analysis and typology of spindle whorls provide good information on how ancient tissues rotate, but it is necessary to establish a methodological typology of this type of ancient cultural finds. type and packaging in type, shape and size provide an effective way to determine how yarns work. the shape, type and appearance of each yarn is directly related to the type of production, spinning. therefore, the appearance and functional typologies of saddles are other ways of knowing the type of spinning and other stages of textile production. for example, the typology, shape and function of a highly effective method of the characteristics of the fibers produced and used and the final product produced from yarn or fibers (such as: wool, silk, fabric, etc.) are presented through rotation in the production of clothing. gives. among these, the “weight” of spindle whorls is considered as one of the most important factors determining the properties of production fibers. among these, the “weight” of spindle whorls is considered as one of the most important factors determining the properties of production fibers. finally, sawdust should be placed in significant categories that determine spinning and textile production, and these categories are based on the characteristics that determine the use of sawdust. spindle whorls discovered from the poshtehforodgah tepe the most abundant cultural finds in the hills behind the poshtehforodgah tepe after pottery are all kinds of spindle whorls. these chestnuts come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from circular and semicircular to conical, all made of finegrained clay and then heated. the spindle whorls of the hills behind the polished poshtehforodgah tepe, in terms of simple appearance, is less decorated and less decorated. alone and on some of them, a linear and crescentshaped dimple (or a kind of sign and symbol) can be seen, which is apparently created with nails. the spindle whorl have a hole in the middle for the passage and the wooden handle to rotate. the central hole of the spindle whorl is usually made in such a way that it is narrower at one end to prevent the movement of the wooden rod that was placed in this hole. and the thread was twisted around it; however, some cases of spindle whorls have been obtained from this area that did not have holes. it seems that the process of making these spindle whorls is incomplete and due to the similarity of spindle whorls, they can not be classified as token or counting objects. it should be noted that no stones were found on the slopes of the poshtehforodgah tepe from all the new neolithic stages to the old copper age and the stone age of the poshtehforodgah tepe, three main types of oval, pyramidal and conical shapes have been obtained. these spindle whorls do not have the desired construction quality in the lower layers (new neolithic of phase c). because it is deformed and rough in appearance, and in terms of cooking, it gets a little hot and a kind of raw hand can be seen in making them. with the development of higher stages and the age of copper and old stone, spindle whorls have advanced in terms of variety and quality in terms of construction and have gained high resistance.these heads vary in weight. the lightest spindle whorls weigh about 5 grams and the heaviest spindle whorls discovered from this hill weigh about 160 grams. from this point of view, it can be said that the production of yarn and the use of fibers in this region also have a diameter. produced from the thinnest yarn to the thickest. as mentioned, the weight and diameter of the saddle circle is the most important determining factor in the process of spinning and yarn production, which is one of the important features among poshtehforodgah tepe saddles. what can be said about the diameter and size of spindle whorls in this area? in order to increase the diameter of the rotating shaft with the light weight of the saddle, the hollow feature of the saddle has been used so that the weight of the saddle does not increase. this feature (in the emptiness of the saddles) is one of the examples of the ridges of qalangap hill (abdollahi and sardari zarchi figure 14, 130: 1392) and chaghamish... and tal bakun (alizadeh 1382: 349, (figure 9) is also considered and large and hollow spindle whorls are produced to produce the weight of thin fibers with high flexibility and elasticity.poshtehforodgah tepe headboards are made in the simplest possible way in terms of decoration, and the least amount of decoration is seen in terms of design compared to other areas, and only a few examples of designs are created compactly (figure 7). the simpleedged conical saddle, which is also one of the most common types of saddles, is similar to the conical specimens of the tel bakun, which in some cases have compact linear or circular shapes (alizadeh 2004: 146 and 349)conclusionusing a comprehensive comparative method, 123 spindle whorls obtained from a season of excavation at the malayer plain poshtehforodgah tepe were discussed in response to questions:in response to the first question, in addition to a coherent typology, this type of cultural findings (based on compatibility with spindle whorl of charo, chaghamish, tal bakun and qalagap regions) were identified in 6 species.the heads of this region are divided into two main groups: convex (oval and twosided pyramid) and conical (onesided and cylindrical pyramid).each group is divided into two subgroups, carved and simple, and in terms of construction quality, they are in two groups, medium and rough.all chests are made of clay with vegetable chamotte and in different sizes (2 to 5 cm and weighing 5 to 160 grams). some heads have pressure patterns created by a sharp tool. depending on the type of semiresident settlement and the method of economic production based on herding (sheep and goats) in the early communities of central zagros and also the poshtehforodgah tepe area due to the high volume of goat bones (due to jaws and horns) based on the variety of spindle whorls in this area in terms of shape, size and weight of the species, these spindle whorls are mostly used in fleece fibers.accordingly, heavy and long spindle whorls with high rotation axis are used to twist thick and long fibers (goat hair) and small short spindle whorls with low rotation axis are used to twist thin and short fibers (fleece) with different thicknesses. in this study, spindle whorls weight was considered as test variables on yarn diameter, yarn rupture and elasticity and yarn warp.in response to the second question, considering the semimonolithic location of the poshtehforodgah tepe based on various ash deposits to a depth of about 160 cm and the vertical migration approach of the communities present in it, it seems that most textile products are for endogenous use and sometimes for trade. it has been transregional in meeting basic needs.