مطالعه و شناخت معماری دستکند وَرجوُوی در شهرستان مراغه با نگاهی ویژه بر آرایه‌های معماری

معماری دستکند و زیرزمینی موسوم به معبد وَرجووی از بناهای شاخص در گونۀ معماری مذهبی و دستکند در دامنۀ کوه آتش فشانی سهند است که در روستای وَرجووی از توابع شهرستان مراغه، استان آذربایجان شرقی واقع شده است. در منابع گذشته چندان به آرایه ها و تزئینات این اثر توجهی نشده و به طور کلی بسیاری از مطالعات پیشین، تکرار اطلاعات نخستین در رابطه با تاریخ، کاربری و حجاری های این معماری زیرزمینی هستند. باتوجه به این نکته که درمورد آرایه های معماری این مجموعه، تاکنون مطالعات تخصصی صورت نپذیرفته است، وجود تنوع آرایۀ معماری در این بنا، همچنین وجود شواهدی از کاربرد آرایه ها با مصالحی به جز سنگ در این بنا می تواند ازجمله یافته های این تحقیق باشد. از این رو هدف از ارائۀ این مقاله، بازشناسی و معرفی آرایه های معماری دستکند وَرجووی مراغه است که در همین راستا پرسش هایی از قبیل این که: در معماری دستکند وَرجووی به غیر از آرایه های حجاری شده در بدنه ها، چه شواهد دیگری از کاربرد آرایه ها با مصالح دیگر وجود دارد؟ آرایه های نویافتۀ جدید مربوط به چه دوره ای هستند؟ چگونه می توان ازطریق مطالعه در آرایه های معماری، به تدقیق بخشی از تاریخ استفاده و کاربرد بنا دست یافت؟ مطالعات درراستای هدف مقاله براساس بررسی میدانی (کدگذاری و عکاسی از فضاهای معماری و بررسی دقیق و عکاسی از آرایه های معماری) و مطالعات کتابخانه ای جهت تدقیق اطلاعات به دست آمده انجام گرفت و در ادامۀ تحلیل محتوا صورت پذیرفت. درنهایت آرایه هایی ازقبیل اندودهای پوششی و تزئینی (ملات رنگی) و مقرنس کاری و همچنین خوشنویسی ثلث با استفاده از رنگ دانه در بنا برای اولین بار شناسایی گردید. موارد فوق نشان دهندۀ کاربرد بنا در طی دوره های مختلف است و می توان قدیمی ترین آثار و شواهد استفاده از گنبدخانۀ اصلی را در کاربری جدیدش در دورۀ اسلامی، به دورۀ ایلخانی نسبت داد.

a study of the troglodytic architecture of varjuy rocky temple in maragheh, with a special look at architectural decorations

 abstractthe varjuy rocky temple is one of the prominent buildings with religious purposes and troglodytic architecture on the slopes of sahand volcanic mountain. it is located in varjuy village, maragheh city, east azerbaijan province. verjui village is located varouy in the vernacular. the name “varouy” is composed of two words of “var” with the meaning of sun and “ouy” with the meaning of house in turkish. so, the name “varouy” means the house of sun. this name plays a key role in understanding the meaning of this valuable varjuy complex. maragheh city was one of the most important cities in azerbaijan during the seljuk period. as the first capital of the ilkhanid (or mongol) dynasty, this city played a key role in the developments of that era. maragheh city, with an area of about 5388 km2, is located on the southern slopes of sahand mountain in east azerbaijan province. it is located in 130 km of tabriz and limited to tabriz city from the north, hashtrood city from the east, urmia lake from the west and miandoab city from the south.keywords: maragheh, troglodytic architectural, varjuy rocky temple, architectural decoration, inscription.introductiontoday, that room of this temple which was decorated with muqarnas is known as mullah maso’om imamzadeh, which is the burial site of mullah maso’om maragheh (a scholar lived in maragheh in the 13th century ah). until recently, it has been the domeshaped cover above the openings of varjuy rocky temple but is now destroyed. in previous references, less attention has been paid to the architectural decorations of this troglodytic complex, and in general, many previous studies have repeated the history, use and rock reliefs of this troglodytic buiding. since no specialized studies have been done on the architectural decorations of this complex so far despite a variety of architectural decorations in this building and the evidence of the use of decorations made by materials other than stone in this building, the present study aims to recognize and introduce the architectural decorations applied in the troglodytic architecture of varjuy rocky temple in maragheh. considering the research objective, field study (coding, photography of architectural spaces and architectural decorations, and detailed exploration of them) and library study are applied to verify the obtained information and then, content analysis is performed. the present study is applieddevelopmental research.data collection methods: a. review and study of persian texts in the field of troglodytic architecture will be done to extract historical and technical information. b. field study and documentation of the status quo: field studies will be performed to understand the troglodytic architecture of varjuy rocky temple and especially, its architectural decorations. in the present study, observation is one of the necessary methods for deep understanding of the nature of the phenomena and variables studied. c. analysis: after analyzing the information obtained from field studies and observations, at this stage, a more detailed analysis of the data and identified components will be performed and in this regard, important concepts and points will be extracted.the review of historical and comparative studies on the troglodytic architecture of varjuy rocky temple showed that there is still no single opinion about the uses of this complex in different periods, especially about its temple use. however, current studies show that this building was used in the middle islamic period (around the ilkhanid period). moreover, after introducing the spaces and their architectural and structural features, as well as studying the surfaces of the interior of this rocky temple, it was found that this building has architectural decorations, which have been not described and studied in other studies on this building. in addition, there are shortcomings in the identification and accurate reporting of the verses carved on the building body, as well as the lack of recognition of architectural layers and decorations of this building in previous studies. this building has been considered and applied in the middle islamic period and some architectural decorations of calcareous mortars have been executed on the body of its main gonbadkhaneh (the space under the dome), and there is a need to revise the previous interpretations of rock reliefs of this building. we now know that in addition to rocky decorations in the form of quranic surahs, interior plaster is observed in the troglodytic architecture of this building and all the decorations in the interior of the main gonbadkhaned (v6 space) were of plaster and not rock. in addition, the plaster has been renewed in different periods and different plastering techniques have been used for the interior.another point is that in most of the interior spaces, a plastering mortar has been used. the plaster in this building is considered architectural decoration. considering the stiffness, color and materials of the mortar, it seems a kind of pozzolanlime mortar. the mortar has been applied in several layers, all of which belong to the middle islamic period, because there are thuluth calligraphies below these layers. in the architectural decorations of this collection, the inscription has been executed in two different spaces using two different techniques: carving technique in space v4 and painted inscription technique in space v6. this point was identified for the first time in this research. evidence shows the three layers of mortar applied to the dado of the main gonbadkhane of the studied temple. among the characteristics of the abovementioned mortar, one can mention the high stiffness, gray color, low thickness and similarity of the bottom layer to the surrounding stone. evidence also indicates the use of red pigment in the structure of the mortar, which made it red (top layer). also, in the middle layer, plant fibers have been used extensively and their remains can be clearly seen.