مطالعه و طبقه‌بندی معماری صخره‌ایِ آئینیمذهبی شهرستان مراغه

یکی از انواع اصلی آثار صخره ای، فضاهای دستکند آئینیمذهبی است. این فضاهای دستکند از دیرباز موردتوجه، تقدس و احترام گروه های اجتماعی متدین و پایبند به آموزه های دینی بوده است. از این منظر می توان گفت منطقۀ مراغه یکی از کانون های فوق العاده مهم، غنی و دیرپای معماری آئینیمذهبی در تاریخ و فرهنگ ایران بوده است. در عصری که فضاهای دستکند آئینی در بسیاری از مناطق، رونق آئینی و قوت قُدسی تاثیرگذار خود را از دست داده است، برخی از فضاهای دَستکند آئینی-مذهبی در مراغه همچنان حضور فعال و پررنگ دارد. بر همین اساس این پژوهش ضمن شناسایی، معرفی و تبیین ویژگی های خاص فضاهای دستکندِ آئینیمذهبی این منطقه، به عامل شکل گیری این فضاهای آئینی نیز پرداخته است؛ بنابراین در کنار روش میدانی جهت ثبت، ضبط و توضیح وضعیت کنونی، از مطالعات اسنادی برای شناخت عامل شکل گیری معماری آئینیمذهبیِ شهرستان مراغه استفاده گردید. انجام این پژوهش درصدد پاسخ گویی به این پرسش بنیادی است که، فضاهای دستکند آئینیمذهبی در مراغه به چند گونه تقسیم می شوند؟ نتایج بررسی های انجام شده، حاکی از شناسایی تعداد اثر صخره ای آئینیمذهبی در شهرستان مراغه است. معماری های صخره ای فوق از منظر ریخت شناسی در قالب های سطحی و زیرسطحی قابل دسته بندی هستند. همچنین ازلحاظ گونه شناختی و تقسیم بندی ماهیت کاربری دارای استفاده های مختلفی است، ازجمله: الف) مسجد، ب) خانقاه، پ) کلیسا، ت) معبد بودایی، ث) نیایشگاه روباز، ج) گوردخمه، چ) قبور صخره ای. هم اکنون بسیاری از این محوطه ها دچار ویرانی شده، با وجود این برخی از فضاها، جایگاه قُدسی خود را حفظ نموده و با تغییراتی مورد استفاده اند.

study and classification of ritualreligious rock architecture in the county of maragheh

abstractone of the main types of rock monuments is handcarved ritualreligious spaces. these handmade spaces have long been considered, sanctified and respected by religious social groups who were committed to religious practices. from this perspective, it can be stated that maragheh region has been one of the most important, rich and longlasting centers of ritualreligious architecture in the history and culture of iran. in an era, in which ritual manmade spaces have lost their influence in many areas of ritual prosperity and sacred power, some ritualreligious manmade spaces in maragheh still have an active and prominent presence. accordingly, the present study, while identifying, introducing and explaining the special features of the ritualreligious handcarved spaces of this region, has also addressed the formation factor of these ritual spaces; and seeks to answer the following question: to how many types are the ritualreligious handcarved spaces in maragheh divided? therefore, along with the field study method applied for recording and explaining the current situation, library studies were also used to identify the factors influencing the formation of ritualreligious architecture in maragheh. the results of the studies indicate that 8 religiousreligious rock monuments have been identified in the county of maragheh. typologically, the abovementioned rock architecture can be classified into surface and subsurface forms. also, in terms of typology and classification of the application nature, these works have had different uses, such as: a) mosques, b) monasteries, c) churches, d) buddhist temples, e) open temples, f) crypts, and h) rock graves. many of these sites are now ruined, however, some spaces have retained their sacred position and are being used with some modifications.  keywords: maragheh, rock architecture, typology, ritualreligious use.introductionthe county of maragheh is located in the northwestern part of iran in the province of east azerbaijan, on the southern slopes of sahand mountain. according to national divisions, the county of maragheh has two districts (central and sarajo) and six villages. the county of maragheh consists of two separate parts: the northern areas of the county that are mountainous and the central and southern areas which consist of plains and flatlands (khamachi, 1991: 459). sahand mountainous mass is one of the most important topographic features of the county, and the southern slopes of this mountain form the configuration of the main part of the county. the general slope of the land in this county is from north to south and the three rivers of leylan chay, mordagh chay, and sufi chay are the important rivers that supply the water needed by the region (morvarid, 1981: 12).in the county of maragheh, numerous historical monuments are remained from different periods, some of which are used as ritualreligious handcarved spaces. ritualreligious handcarved spaces in maragheh, in particular and other areas in general, have long been considered, sanctified and respected by social groups, according to the existing evidence; therefore, in this paper, it has been attempted to explain the formation factor, analyze the use nature of spaces and the period in which they have been applied using the a spatial archeological approach and archeological surveys after introducing the ritual handcarved spaces. the current research has been conducted in order to answer this fundamental question: to how many types are the ritualreligious handcarved spaces in maragheh divided? moreover, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the typology of the mentioned handcarved spaces. methods: the present study has been conducted using a descriptiveanalytical method and data collection has been performed using library methods and field visits from a large number of handcarved spaces in different parts of the county of maragheh.the significance and necessity of research: the rocky and cave nature of worship places and the study limitations of the ritualreligious handcarved spaces in iran have caused any religious handcarved spaces to be associated with mithraism; however, little evidence of mithraism has been identified in these sacred spaces. accordingly, by conducting studies on the ritualreligious handcarved architecture in the county of maragheh, it is possible to provide a comprehensive classification of this type of architecture and determine the general appearance and nature of their spaces in this region. research question and hypotheses: the current research has been conducted in order to answer this fundamental question: to how many types are the ritualreligious handcarved spaces in the county of maragheh divided? one of the hypotheses that can be proposed in the present study is that the ritualreligious spaces of maragheh have been formed in two periods: the first period is related to the preislamic period, which was influenced by the urartian culture. the second period is related to the islamic period. in the islamic period, the greatest influence in shaping these spaces has been the influence of beliefs from eastern cultures, especially buddhists and christians.conclusion handcarved architecture is a special type of architecture that has been created by humans in order to adapt themselves to their environment. in the extensive territory of iran, due to climatic, ritual and cultural diversity, remnants of this type of architecture can be seen in its different regions. one of the important reasons for the tendency of human beings in different schools towards the rock architecture was the ritual and religious structure of the society, which required turning to rocks and mountains. in the meantime, the ritualreligious handcarved spaces of the county of maragheh have been a manifestation of the spiritual life and cultural knowledge of the residents of this region. these spaces have a special place in the whole beliefs of the residents of the region; this has made the decorative elements, architecture and special location of these spaces to be different from other rock works. following what has been discussed in the text of the paper, the results of library and field studies of handcarved spaces have demonstrated the influence of ritual and religious structures of maragheh society in the formation of some of these spaces. due to the special geographical location of maragheh region throughout history, the region has witnessed different ethnic groups and special religious beliefs. according to this view, the ritualreligious spaces of the region in the preislamic ages have been created in the form of handcarved burial spaces (crypts); and in the islamic period, these spaces have been mostly carved into rock contexts in the form of handcarved worship temples. in the midislamic eras, especially during the ilkhanid period, maragheh was the center of various beliefs and this factor has formed the basis for the formation of ritualreligious spaces of buddhist, christian and islamic followers. from this perspective, the county of maragheh, especially on the banks of sufichay river, is one of the lively, active, and rich centers of tradition and ritual handcarved heritage. accordingly, most of the investigated worship spaces are concrete, objective and real manifestations of the culturalreligious continuity and spiritual life of the people of this region from the ilkhanid period, and even today some of these places have retained their sacred and ritual status.