بررسی و تحلیل الگوهای استقراری محوطه‌های اشکانی در شهرستان قروه

شهرستان قروه در جنوب شرق استان کردستان و در حاشیۀ شمال شرق زاگرس مرکزی واقع شده است. این شهرستان بخشی از حوضۀ آبریز قزل اوزن است که به علت شرایط مناسب جغرافیایی استقرارهای باستانی از دوره های پیش از تاریخ تا دورۀ اسلامی در این منطقه شکل گرفته است. در این شهرستان باتوجه به بررسی های صورت گرفته، تاکنون 35 محوطه دورۀ اشکانی شناسایی شده است. هدف از این پژوهش، مطالعۀ الگو های استقراری محوطه های اشکانی، رابطۀ این محوطه ها با محیط جغرافیایی و نوع معیشت است. از آنجایی که در این منطقه از دوره های پیش از تاریخ (مس وسنگ و مفرغ) استقرارهای ثابت و موقت به گونه های مختلف وجود داشته، پرسشی که در اینجا مطرح می شود این است که آیا این استقرارها در دوره های تاریخی هم تداوم داشته است و درصورت وجود این نوع استقرارگاه ها ازلحاظ معیشت به چه صورت بوده است؟ در این مقاله، علاوه بر استفاده از داده‎های حاصل از بررسی های صورت گرفته، برای تحلیل داده ها از نقشه های تهیه شده از نرم افزار gis و همچنین از نرم افزار spss استفاده شده است. در ابتدا براساس مساحت محوطه ها به چهار خوشه تقسیم شده و سپس باتوجه به نقشه های تهیه شده از gis پنج عامل درنظر گرفته شده است. این عوامل شاملِ میزان ارتفاع از سطح دریا، میزان فاصله از رود، میزان شیب، جهت شیب و کاربری زمین است. درنهایت به کمک نرم افزار spss به تحلیل خوشه ها و همچنین به ارتباط و هم بستگی آن ها با استفاده از عوامل درنظر گرفته شده، پرداخته شده است. بر این منظور از آزمون های یک بُعدی، رگرسیون، آرپیرسون و آماره شف از آزمون اف نرم افزار spss استفاده شده است. براساس نتایج به دست آمده از این آزمون ها بین خوشه ها با برخی از عوامل ارتباط معناداری وجود دارد. درمجموع، اکثر محوطه ها در خوشه های یک و دو قرار گرفته اند که کمتر از دو هکتار وسعت دارند. ازلحاظ استقرار، برخی از این محوطه ها به صورت استقرارهای موقت بوده که به چراگردی می پرداختند و تعدادی دیگر به طور دقیق مشخص نیست، ولی احتمالاً استقرارگاه های ثابت بوده اند که به صورت روستاهای کوچک کشاورزی و دامداری بودند؛ اما خوشۀ سه و چهار همگی استقرارگاه های ثابت بودند که به کشاورزی، باغداری و دامپروری می پرداختند. به طور خلاصه می توان دو نوع الگوی استقراری موقت و ثابت را در دورۀ اشکانی در شهرستان قروه مشاهده کرد.

the analysis of settlement patterns of parthian period sites in the city qorveh

abstractthe city of ghorveh is located in the south east of kurdistan province and in the east of central zagros. this city is a part of the qezal owzan river basin. this region has an archaic history from prehistoric periods to the islamic ones due to favorable geographical conditions. according to the surveys, in the ghorveh city, 35 sites dating to the parthian period have been identified. this paper studies the settlement pattern of parthian sites and their relationship to the geographical environment. the settlement pattern initially divided into four clusters based on the area of the premises and then five factors were considered based on the maps drawn from the gis. these factors include: altitude from sea level, the distance from the river, the slope, steep direction and land use. in addition, taking advantage of spss software, the settlement clusters have been statistically studied and their correlation and relevance using factors were discussed. based on the results, there is a significant relationship between clusters and some factors. in general, most of the sites are located in clusters one and two that are less than two hectares. in terms of settlement pattern, some of these sites were temporary settlements that were grazing and a number of others are not known exactly, but probably there were fixed settlements that were small villages of agriculture and livestock. but clusters three and four were all permanent settlements that were engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. in general, two types of temporary and permanent settlement patterns observed in the parthian period in the city qorveh.     keywords: ghorveh, parthian, settlement patterns, gis software, spss.introductionthe parthian dynasty is one of the most important iranian historical kingdom who entered the arena in extremely difficult political and social conditions and revived some of the ancient iranian features (mohammadi, 2010: 4). this dynasty ruled iran for nearly five centuries from 248 bc to 224 ad (mohammadi, 1391: 13) they were able to establish cities and government centers (kiani, 1374: 240). and their territory expands from the eastern parts of iran to the tigris and euphrates. during this period, in addition to sedentary and urban settlements, there are nomadic settlements. examples of this type of nomadic settlement during this period can be found in the central zagros (niknami & mohammadi, 1394; mohamadifar & niknami, 2013; niknami et al., 2013).in qorveh city 35 sites have been identified related to parthian period (behnia, 2008). most sites of this city are small settlements (mafi et al., 2009. 85). parthian pottery is simple, glazed, imprinted, and clinched in qorveh. but the most prominent parthian pottery is in western iran as well as in the qorveh city of klineik pottery. the pottery has been scattered from kermanshah to the northern parts of zanjan in terms of its geographical extension. also from chamchamal plain (mohammadifar, 2007). kangavar plain (young, 1975) and in historic sites of bistoon, jogar malayer tape, noshijan, ray, shush, west islamabad and boroujerd have also been reported (hernik, 1997: 117). in this area, there have been sedentary and nomadic settlements since the prehistoric time. it is necessary to study the continuity of these settlements in historical periods. it is necessary to study the continuity of these settlements and types of sedentary and nomadic settlements in historical periods. this research is based on data obtained from the field survey. in this research is used a descriptiveanalytical method, and for accurate analysis of parthian period settlement pattern in qorveh city has been used the gis software and spss statistical software. based on the available data, 6 factors are considered. including: 1. altitude above sea level 2. distance from river 3. distance from road 4. slope 5. slope direction 6. land use. to analyze the settlement patterns, it is divided into four clusters based on size of the sites. then, to analyze these clusters using factors and according to data type and purpose of research were used onedimensional, regression and rpearson tests of spss software.identified tracesin order to analyze the settlement patterns, the sites are divided into four clusters based on by size. according to the type of data which are nominal and scaled and the purpose of the research were used onedimensional, regression and rpirson tests of the spss software. this analysis consists of two descriptive and inferential stages.  the cluster one is the largest in the series. sites of this cluster are less than 1 hectare. according to the data, %57/1 of the sites belongs into this cluster. cluster two consists of sites between 1 and 2 hectares. the third cluster is sites ranging from 2 to 3 hectares and the fourth cluster consist of sites of more than 5 hectares.the size of the sites was considered as an independent variable and the six factors mentioned as dependent variable. according to the results of multivariate regression test, there is a significant relationship between the size of the sites factor with other factors. this relationship was strongly inverse between the size of the sites and the distance from the river was relatively severe reverse.  briefly, larger sites are closer to the river and as the sites are smaller, they appear farther from the river. but there is no relationship between the size of the sites with the factors of altitude and slope. in addition, to understand the test results, the cluster diagrams need to be studied. by studying the cluster diagram it can be seen that clusters one and two are in all factor categories. for this reason, there is no correlation between all factors. conclusionbased on the results of the analysis on four clusters. cluster one is the largest cluster, there are two types of settlements. the first type of settlements is far from the river so they are located at higher altitudes. the second type located on the lower elevations and slopes near to the river. in the second cluster, the settlements are closer to the river. these sites are located at higher altitudes and different slopes. in the third cluster, the sites are closer to the river. these sites are located at low slope and low altitude. the fourth cluster settlements approach the water source. but in terms of slope and altitude are at different altitudes. in clusters one and two, there is sedentary and nomadic settlement, but clusters three and four are sedentary settlement that constituted a small percentage.in general, the settlements of qorveh city in parthian period are in two forms: sedentary and nomadic. sedentary settlements have agricultural and husbandry economies due to their geographical charactristics, but seasonal settlements used to grazing. in fact, most of the sites include seasonal settlements. this type of settlement in this region have been prehistoric times of chalcolithic and bronze ages (kuraaraxes) and in this period we also see the continuation of this type of settlements.