کاوش محوطۀ هخامنشی چرخاب برازجان براساس نتایج بررسی آرکئوژئوفیزیک

کشف بقایای سه بنای شاخص از دورۀ هخامنشی در محدودۀ دشت برازجان تحت عنوان چرخاب، سنگ سیاه و بردک سیاه ، فصلی تازه در مطالعات باستان شناسی کرانه های خلیج فارس و دورۀ هخامنشی گشود. کاوش در محدودۀ این سه بنا طی دو دوره در دهۀ 1350 و 1380 ش. منجر به آشکار شدن بخش های مختلف و اجزای معماری آن ها گردید. وجود عناصر برجستۀ معماری هخامنشی از جمله: تالار ستون دار مرکزی، ایوان های ستون دار جانبی و پایه ستون های سنگی، درکنار موقعیت استقراری کاخ های مزبور در پهنۀ دشت و حاشیۀ رودخانه های دائمی دالکی و شاپور و رودخانۀ فصلی آردو، ضمن طرح پرسش های کلی درخصوص ساختار فضایی هریک از این کاخ ها، بستری مستعد جهت ارائۀ نظریات جدید درمورد چگونگی و چرایی انتخاب مکان و احداث یک بنای حکومتی در دورۀ هخامنشی را فراهم ساخت. محدودیت کاوش های صورت گرفته در محدودۀ بناهای مذکور، موجب کمبود و بعضاً نقص اطلاعات از کیفیت پراکنش فضایی آن ها گردیده است؛ بر همین اساس و به منظور پُر شدن خلاء اطلاعاتی موجود، محوطۀ چرخاب برازجان باتوجه به حجم بالای رسوبات سیلابی نهشت یافته (حدود 5/1 متر) و عدم امکان دسترسی سهل و آسان به لایه های فرهنگی دورۀ هخامنشی در آن، برای مطالعه با استفاده از روش های نوین در باستان شناسی از جمله بررسی آرکئوژئوفیزیک& انتخاب شده تا نتایج حاصل از آن مبنای کاوشی هدفمند در پیرامون بنای اصلی کاخ قرار گیرد؛ به این منظور در وهلۀ نخست، جبهۀ غربی و شمال غربی بنا به وسعتی بالغ بر 13 هکتار، با روش مغناطیس سنجی مورد بررسی آرکئوژئوفیزیک قرار گرفت و باتوجه به پراکندگی آنومالی های آشکار شده، موقعیت های مکانی مشخصی برای حفر گمانه و کاوش درنظر گرفته شد. پژوهش حاضر با تمرکز بر خلاء مطالعاتی مذکور، دست مایۀ قرار دادن نتایج حاصل از بررسی آرکئوژئوفیزیک صورت گرفته در محدودۀ پیرامون کاخ چرخاب و یافته های باستان شناختی به دست آمده از کاوش متعاقب آن، به بررسی کیفی پراکنش آثار هخامنشی در محدودۀ بنای این کاخ می پردازد؛ بر همین اساس، کاوش های صورت گرفته در این بخش، یافته های منقول و غیرمنقول جدیدی از دورۀ هخامنشی را به دست داده که با یافته های باستان شناختی کاخ چرخاب متفاوت بوده، اما قابل قیاس با نمونه های مشابه به دست آمده از  کاخ های سنگ سیاه و بردک سیاه شهرستان دشتستان و کاخ اختصاصی کورش (کاخ p) در مجموعۀ پاسارگاد است. 

exploration of the achaemenid area of charkhab borazjan based on the results of archaeogeophysical survey

abstractthe discovery of three outstanding achaemenid buildings in borazdjan plain territory, such as “charkhab”, “sangsiyah” and “bardaksiyah”, unveiled a new domain in the archaeological study of the persian gulf hinterlands and in the achaemenid era. excavation in the surrounding areas of these three buildings in two courses in the years of the decades 1350s and 1380s, led to the expsition of their different parts and architectural details. the presence of remarkable achaemenid architectural elements including the central columned hall, lateral pillared porches and stone column pedestals, as well as the locality situations of the palaces on the plain and peripheral areas of the permanent “dalaki” and “shapur” and the seasonal “ardu”rivers, made new theories possible about the quality and the reason of choosing the location and the erection of a government edifice in the achaemenid era, while putting forward some general questions about the spatial structure of each palace. because of the roughcast excavations, our information about the spatial extent of the unearthed collections is quite incomplete. in “charkhab” site, for being in the vicinity of the seasonal “ardu” river, there has been more than 1.5 meters of sedimentation which makes it difficult to access achaemenid findings. so we decided to use new archaeological methods especially archeogeophysical survey to study around the site and then continue the excavation around the palace according to the results obtained. so, in the first step, the western and northwestern fronts with the extent of 13 hectares were surveyed archeogeophysically using a magnetometric method and according to the outputs and the final produced map and the scatteration of exposed anomalies, some locations were determined for trenches and excavation. according to the maps obtained through magnetometry, some trenches were selected in zones where the abundance of anomalies was evident. in total, two trenches ch ii and ch iii, each with the dimension of 10×10 were excavated, while most findings were obtained from an achaemenid leyer in trench ch iii in the depth of 153 cm, where items such as baked bricks with the dimension 32×32×8 with bitumen mortar similar to those of charkhab palace, gatepivot stones and pillar foundations worked with raw stone, pieces of cream colored pedestal stones and the most important of all, pieces of cornoture with horizontal strings similar to that of “bardaksiyah” palace and  the specific palace of cyrus at pasargadae, can be mentionedkeywords: borazjan, charkhab palace, archaeogeophysical survey, magnetometry, excavation of charkhab site.introductiondescribing the importance of the persian gulf and its geopolitical role in the achaemenid period, herodotus describes the actions of “scyllax cariandi” and the order of darius ii to identify a sea route from the indus river in india to egypt, which was used by indians and iranians (herodoutus, 1828: 289). in addition, other wellknown historians and geographers of the early christian centuries, such as strabo, arian, and ptolemy, mentioned the persian gulf with titles such as “persicon kitas” and “sinus persicus”. the commercial prosperity of its shores is described in interaction with the west and the east. (bayat, 1988: 28). generally speaking, it can be inferred that the northern shores of the persian gulf inspecial, were of great importance during the achaemenid period and later, and the construction of magnificent architectural works and government landmarks have not been unexpected.the discovery of the remains of three outstanding achaemenid landmarks in borazjan plain titled “charkhab”, “sange siah” and “bardaksiah”, opened a new chapter in the archaeological studies of the persian gulf and the achaemenid history as well.excavation of these buildings during two seasons in the 1350s and 1380s, led to the discovery of various sections and their architectural components. considering the presence of prominent elements of achaemenid architecture, including the central columned hall, the side columned porches and stone pillars, along with the location of these palaces in the plains and the banks of dalki and shapur rivers and the seasonal ardo valley, it has been tried to provide a definitive answer to existing questions and hypotheses based on current studies in this article. asking general questions about the spatial structure of each of these palaces, provided new insights into how and why to choose a location and build a government building during the achaemenid period. an important question in this field is whether these palaces were only used as summer accommodation facilities or they have been used as government seats.hypotheses in this study, basically suggest that the development of maritime trade, offshore communication routes, as well as suitable environmental structures and facilities, have led to the achaemenid settlements in borazjan plain. achaemenid palaces discovered in borazjan plain are part of the urban structures in that period. some achaemenid relics discovered, such as the charkhab palace, might have been left incomplete due to improper site selection and unsuitable location.architectural structures and spatial analyzes of the sites discovered in the borazjan plain, are probably modeled on the architecture of the earlier achaemenid culture in pasargadae.studies of the surroundings of these sites show that there are other spaces related to the palaces. based on geophysical studies as well as archaeological surveys around the sites, it can be imagined that these palaces were a collection. further information on this subject, needs further archeological excavations and research.one of the most important achaemenid buildings on the northern hinterlands of the persian gulf is charkhab palace, which was accidentally discovered in 1350, during the bulldozing operations of water transfer pipeline from borazjan to bushehr, through the date palm groves on the western suburb outskirts of borazjan and in the socalled “charkhab area”.  after preliminary investigations and the similarity of the discovered structure with the stone columns used in pasargadae, it was decided to explore the place of discovery. the result of this excavation led to the appearance of different parts of the remains of a magnificent achaemenid building (sarfaraz, 1350 and 1351; ebrahimi, 1391). simultaneously with the excavation of charkhab site and following the public reports that similar relics were found close a nearby village called jatut / jatal; sarfaraz was able to discover another building on the banks of dalaki river called sange siyah, about nine kilometers north of charkhab. this site was excavated in 1977 by ismail (ehsan) yaghmaei (yaghmaei, 2005: 911; 2018: 191196; ebrahimi, 2012). during the exploration of the sange siyah remains and in the surrounding areas and palm groves, the excavations led to the discovery of another building called “bardak siyah” which means “the black stone”, among the palm groves of dorudgah village. yaghmaei explored the building and continued his excavations during the winter and the spring of 1978 (yaghmaei, 2005; 1397; ebrahimi, 2012). in the 2001s, with the resumption of archeological activities in bushehr province, the charkhab building, which had been buried under the flood deposits after the first exploration period, was excavated again by sarfaraz in five consecutive seasons. in addition to the sections that were appeared earlier, some other new parts of the building became visible again. (sarfaraz, 2001; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006).due to unfinished excavations, our knowledge of the spatial extent of these collections is very limited. in the charkhab area, the settled sediments are more than 1.5 meters high, due to its proximity to the ardo seasonal river. this has made it difficult to obtain necessary findings from the achaemenid period.the study of archeogeophysics today, plays a crucial role in identifying the points and structures of ancient layers.using this methodology, saves time and also achieves the desired results much faster, much easier and much more accurately.therefore, we decided to use these new archeological methods, especially archaeogeophysical surveys, to conduct research around this area, and based on the results of these studies, to continue exploring around the palace.therefore, in the first place, the western and northwestern fronts of the palace, with an area of 13 hectares, were examined by magnetometric archeogeophysics, which revealed the dispersion of anomalies according to the output and finalized maps, and places for trenches and excavations were determined.according to magnetic output maps, trenches were selected in areas where the abundance of anomalies was apparent.totally, two trenches chii and chiii with dimensions of 10 x 10 were excavated and most findings were obtained in trench chiii at a depth of 153 cm and in an achaemenid layer. in the cultural findings of the recent excavation in charkhab, paddy parts of the columns with creamcolored strings are important.examples found in bardak siyah and sange siyah, are also comparable to the example of the private palace of cyrus the great in pasargadae.these paddy parts are quite different from the paddy parts obtained in charkhab palace (chi), which are round and black without any carvings.it seems that this collection (chiii) is similar in architectural elements to those of bardak siyah and sange siyah palaces and those of the private palace of cyrus the great in pasargadae.the creamcolored base stone of the gateway as well as the foundations of the columns found in the chiii trench are similar to those of charkhab(chi) and bardak siyah palaces.the bricks obtained with  the dimensions of 33 x 33 x 8 cm and bitumen mortar in this trench are comparable to those found in the palaces discovered in borazjan.given the architectural elements obtained, it is possible that this complex had been built earlier than the charkhab palace (chi) itself.undoubtedly, more studies and more extensive research are needed to answer all the hypotheses and questions.