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   بررسی تحلیلی پیدایش نگارش در ایران و بین‌النهرین در اواخر هزارۀ چهارم قبل‌ازمیلاد  
   
نویسنده یوسفی‌زشک روح اله ,افشاری حسن
منبع مطالعات باستان شناسي پارسه - 1399 - دوره : 4 - شماره : 11 - صفحه:27 -50
چکیده    پیدایش نگارش، انسان را از دورۀ پیش از تاریخ به دورۀ تاریخی می رساند، به همین دلیل نقطۀ عطفی در تکامل انسان است. این پیدایش یک باره صورت نگرفته، بلکه روند تدریجی از دوران نوسنگی تا پایان هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد داشته است. مراحل آغازین آن در میان فرهنگ های خاورمیانه مشابه بوده، اما در انتهای هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد و تشکیل حکومت ها در اوروک، خوزستان و فارس، مرزهای سیاسی بین این نواحی کشیده می شود و در نتیجه دو خط نوشتاری (آغازایلامی و شبه میخی) در یک برهۀ زمانی شکل می گیرند. این دو خط هردو از یک نظام ارتباطی مشترک ریشه گرفته اند. برخی شکل واژه ها با شمایل نگاری کاملاً یکسان در خطوط دو سرزمین به دست آمده که باتوجه به پیشرفت خوانش، با کاربرد معنایی متفاوتی ترجمه شده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ساختار آوایی میان خطوط آغازین رایج در نیمۀ دوم هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد در غرب آسیا است که زمینه ساز پیدایش ادبیات در سده های آتی می شود. نگارندگان با روش توصیفیتحلیلی و گردآوری اطلاعات به روش پژوهشی و کتابخانه ای می کوشند با ریشه یابی نگارش در دو سرزمین و بررسی علل شکل گیری اولین اختلاف های به وجود آمده ازطریق درک محیط و داده های باستان شناسی چنین استنباط کنند که دلیل این شباهت ها در زمینۀ نگارش دو سرزمین، به ریشه های یکسان آن ها برمی گردد و دلیل اختلاف های معنایی شکل واژه ها با شمایل نگاری یکسان، به تنوع تغییرات اجتماعی و معیشتی میان فلات ایران و جنوب بین النهرین و همچنین تفاوت زبانی دو منطقه بازمی گردد؛ در نتیجه به دلیل تراکم جمعیتی و بافت شهری کاملاً منسجم بین النهرین، به خصوص اوروک و همچنین باتوجه به میزان مساحت، به خان سالار و کوچ رو تقسیم می شوند و ویژگی های فرهنگی مانند قومیت و چندزبانی بودن فلات ایران، در برخی شکل واژه ها با شمایل نگاری یکسان، کاربرد معنایی متفاوتی می گیرد.
کلیدواژه آغاز نگارش، شبه‌میخی، آغازایلامی، شوش، ارزش آوایی.
آدرس دانشگاه آزاد ‌اسلامی واحد ورامین-پیشوا, دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی, گروه باستان‌شناسی, ایران, دانشگاه تهران, دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی, گروه باستان‌شناسی, ایران
پست الکترونیکی hassanafshari@ut.ac.ir
 
   the analytical study of the invention of writing in iran and mesopotamia in the late fourth millennium b.c.  
   
Authors yousefi zoshk rouhollah
Abstract    abstractthe invention of writing is considered one of the hallmarks in the human eveloution. writing has not been invented all at once. indeed, it had a gradual process from the neolithic period to the end of the fourth millennium bc. in its early stages, it was similar among the middle eastern cultures, but at the end of the fourth millennium bc and the formation of the states in uruk, khuzestan, and fars, two writing systems (protoelamite and cuneiform) were invented at a same time. both scribes are rooted in a common communication system. some words with exactly the same iconography are obtained in the scribes of two lands which have been translated with different semantic uses thank to the progress of decipherment. the purpose of this study is to investigate the phonetic structure between the common early scribes in the second half of the fourth millennium bc in west asia, which paves the way for the emergence of literature in the coming centuries. by using a descriptiveanalytical methodology, the authors try to deduce that the reason for the similarities in the writing systems of the both areas is becuause of their identical roots by finding the roots of writing in two lands and examining the reasons for the formation of the first differences arising from understanding the environment and archaeological data. also, the reason for the semantic differences of the words with the same iconography is due to the diversity of social and subsistance changes between the iranian plateau and southern mesopotamia, as well as the linguistic differences between the two regions. keywords: protowriting, cuneform, protoelamite, susa, phonetic value.introductionthere are various theories about the origin of writing in iran and the middle east. some argue that with the advancement of agriculture, rapid economic growth and lack of confidence in memory, the loss of many business and accounting information, and overcomplexity of computing and business communications, the need to preserve information had increased. it was necessary to invent a way to maintain them. the invention of writing was not revolutionary nor suddenly is taken by an individual at a certain time; rather, it has evolved over several thousand years, and the period of susa ii and the emergence of complex societies and the specialization have greatly contributed to its growth. in the second half of the fourth millennium and early third millennium bc, tokens became more advanced, and were made in various forms with economic themes and were used in trade, then, the clay envelopes, also called bullae, became frequent. this clay envelopes date back to the midfourth millennium bc. following the develepomental procees of the administrative system, the numerical tablets were invented.  disscussion the stages of writing up to the susa ii (uruk) period were exactly the same, and from this period onwards the difference between the two scribes becomes apparent. the only major change of this period is the formation of a dense community in southern mesopotamia. since many ideograms were taken from the symbols around the environemnt, to better understand the roots of these differences, we need to fully understand the climate, environment and archaeological data of the two regions to comprehend these differences by taking the the environmental variety into account.a) mesopotamian climate in the fourth millennium bc: mesopotamian communities due to alluvial soil and rich in minerals and nutrients that river water was washed from the surrounding mountains, in the field of agriculture and grain collection had access to surplus. on the other hand, the existence of large gardens near the permanent and waterrich rivers of the tigris and euphrates, vast pastures for sheep, goats and cattle, as well as abundant fish, poultry and wild animals for hunting, etc., led to extensive progress compared to other areas. in the fourth millennium bc, the population in these areas increased enormously, while the city of uruk reached an area of about 2.5 square kilometers. of course, there is no direct evidence of the exact number of inhabitants of uruk, but with the help of anthropological data from the premodern middle east, 100 to 200 inhabitants per hectare has been accepted for the residential sector. apart from the the central monumental area of uruk, it has reached approximately 230 hectares in the residential sector, which refers to the population of 25,000 to 50,000 people in uruk in the late fourth millennium bc. over 90 percent of the tablets were found in the garbages of the temple of eanna (the largest religious monuments of uruk) presenting that this scribe was only used by a gropu of elites of the mesopotamian society.b) climate of iran in the fourth millennium bc: iran is a clear example of the impact of natural structures on the cultural development. iran is one of the arid lands of the ancient world and this determines the climatic relations of this land and the climate of its different regions. the summer heat in the lowlands forces people to migrate to the highlands with their herds. due to the climatic conditions in these areas, a large part of the inhabitants of valleys and foothills are forced to live in their tents. among the most important nomadic areas, we can mention dar khazineh, tale bakun and some settlements of ramhormoz in the fifth to third millennium bc.conslusionmanagement system has been one of the needs of human social development since the neolithic period onwards which in the fourth millennium bc this need was felt quite clearly and at a high level, which led to a significant development of management in west asia. at this time, the formation of different systems of government between the iranian plateau and mesopotamia probably led to the formation of different management systems, but since for more than four thousand years, both regions had used a completely identical writing system, it is not farfetched that the two different types of scribes are affected by common roots and have evolved according to the management needs of their environment.as was said before, in mesopotamia the scribe was only used by a group of elites. hence, the ideogram and pictogram were enough to respond the needs of conveying a message. but in iran, due to the special climate in the past, it was devoid of the centralized populations; instead the main populations were scattered in different parts of the iranian plateau and the use of this scribe was over an area of one million square kilometers from the shahre sokhte in sistan, tepe yahya in kerman, tepe ozbaki in qazvin plain and tepe sofalin in tehran to tale malyan and susa in southwestern iran which probably there were different ethnicities and dialects in these areas. due to the scatterness of protowriting caly tablets in different part of susa, one can conclude that this scribe became common in the society to respond to the needs of such a large society. consequently, a scribe with the use of pictograms and ideograms was invented. we believe, according to the percentage of repetitions, the phonetic use of this scribe is probably high, and since this scribe was common among the different tribes of the iranian plateau, perhaps with the phonetic use, it was effecient to convey meaning from different languages on the iranian plateau in the second half of the fourth millennium bc.
Keywords protowriting ,cuneform ,protoelamite ,susa ,phonetic value.
 
 

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