تزئینات گچی و گچبری در بیشاپور براساس نویافته‌های نهمین فصل کاوش

استفاده از گچ به عنوان تزئینات در ساختمان ها عمری طولانی دارد. بررسی آثار بازمانده از دوره های تاریخی نشان می دهد که هنر گچبری از عصر اشکانیان روشمند و از اسلوب ویژه برخوردار شده است. این روش ها در عصر ساسانیان رو به تکامل نهاده و در دوران اسلامی با تغییراتی تداوم یافت. دانسته های ما از هنر تزئینات گچبری دورۀ ساسانی بیشتر براساس کاوش چند محوطۀ مهم این دوره ازجمله شهر تاریخی بیشاپور است. بیشاپور مرکز کوره شاپور یکی از کوره یا ایالت های پنج گانۀ پارس به حساب می آمد در زمان شاپور اول دومین شاهنشاه ساسانی تاسیس شد. در کاوش بیشاپور درکنار تابلو های موزاییک منحصربه فرد، گچبری و رنگ آمیزی روی گچ، به ویژه در بخش ارگ شاهی به دست آمده است. یافته های مهمی ازجمله آشکار شدن فضاهای معماری در جنوب ایوان موزاییک در بخشی موسوم به ارگ شاهی و یافته های سنگی ازقبیل: هاون، خونک، پیکره های سنگی از جنس سنگ مرمر و مهره های تزئینی، کورۀ شیشه گری و قطعات ظروف شیشه ای، سفال و فلز ازجمله آثاری هستند که در کاوش فصل نهم به دست آمده است. مهم ترین آثار معماری به دست آمده عبارتنداز: راهروهای ضلع جنوبی ایوان موزاییک، اتاق های همراه با طاقچه های گچبری که بعضاً با رنگ قرمز از جنس گل اخرا نقاشی و تزئین شده اند و هم چنین در این اتاق ها اندود گچ دیوارها و اندود گچی کف فضاهای معماری نیز به دست آمده است. گچبری های به دست آمده بیشتر نوارهای موازی که بیشتر در حاشیۀ طاقچه ها و ورودی ها به کار می رفته را شامل می شود. تزئینات گچی ایوان موزاییک شامل: اندود گچ و رنگ آمیزی روی اندود و هم چنین آثار و بقایای گچبری است. حال، پرسش اصلی در این پژوهش با این نظر که این قطعات همگی متعلق به دورۀ ساسانی هستند، با چه روشی ساخته شده اند؟ در این مقاله روش یافته اندوزی داده ها به دو شیوۀ میدانی و کتابخانه ای صورت گرفته و کوشش شده است تا این یافته ها در بستر هنر گچبری دورۀ ساسانی شهر تاریخی بیشاپور معرفی و تجزیه و تحلیل شود.

stucco decorations at bishapur based on the ninth season of excavations

abstractusing stucco as decoration in buildings has a long precedent. scrutinizing the surviving edifice from historical periods shows that the art of plastering has been methodical and has a special style since the parthian era. these methods evolved in the sassanid era and continued with nuance in the islamic era. our knowledge of the art of stucco decoration of the sassanid period is mostly based on the excavation of several important sites of this period, including the historic city of bishapur. bishapur is the center of the shapurprovince which was considered to be one of the cities or the state of five states of persia and it was established during the reign of shapur i, the second sassanid emperor. manifold artworks have been found in bishapour’s excavation such as unique mosaic paintings as well as plastering and painting on plaster, especially in the part of the royal citadel. many of these findings which are some important artifacts and features, exploring in the ninth season of excavation such as the revelation of architectural spaces in the south of the mosaic porch in the part called “royal citadel” and stone objects such as mortars, xunak: stone table, stone statues made of marble and decorative beads, glass kilns and pieces of glassware, pottery and metal. the most important architectural works revealed in the excavation are the corridors on the south side of the mosaic porch, rooms with plaster works’ niches, while some of them are painted and decorated with red ocher clay, plaster of the walls, and plaster of the floor of architectural spaces have been found in these rooms as well. the plaster artworks are mostly included the parallel strips that are used at the edges of niches and entrances. gypsum mosaic porch decorations include plaster coating and painting on the plaster, as well as plaster works and remains. considering that all these pieces belong to the sassanid period, the main question in this research is: how were they made? the method of data collection has been done in two ways, fieldwork and by researching in the library in this article. besides, the tendency in this research was to introduce and analyze these findings in the context of the plaster art of the sassanid period in this historical citykeywords: sassanid period, bishapur, architectur decorations, stucco.introductionthe city of bishapur, with an area of about 155 hectares, is an enormous area where comprehensive exploration is impossible in a short time. the ninth season excavation program started on 22/05/2011 and lasted until 6/07/2011.the most important objects found from the excavation were: three pieces of human sculpture of a man as well as a piece of human sculpture of a woman, both made of marble. a significant number of archaeological findings in the ninth season of the excavation of the historic city of bishapur were metal fragments. the metal findings based on the type of metals are iron, copper, and silver, in order of frequency respectively. in addition to these findings, several earthenware jars and pots of different dimensions are among the main objects of the ninth season of the excavation of the historical city of bishapur. for the first time, in the same excavation season, all the pottery pieces founded in the excavation, have been collected, washed, and classified. the first category includes decorative objects such as statues and precious and semiprecious stones, which include ring agate stones and necklace beads, as well as turquoise stones; and the second category, including oil trays, mortars, and stone tables which is known as “xunak” by the locals. there were also recovered many pieces of broken glassware along with a glass kiln during the ninth season of excavating the historic city of bishapur. in the same season, manifold remnants of glassmaking furnaces and mosaic pieces were discovered. the most important findings of architectural works include the corridors on the south side of the mosaic porch, rooms with bedside niches, which are sometimes painted and decorated with red ocher mud. another finding in this season was plaster pieces which is the purpose of writing this article, is to introduce and classify these plaster findings.identified tracesthe ninth season of the excavation in the historical city of bishapur focused on the south and west sides of the mosaic porch, and although in the development of the excavation and the pursuit of walls and spaces, the scope of the excavation was extended to the eastern boreholes; but most of the findings come from southern boreholes, especially the d3, d4, and d5. in terms of plastering and decorations, these three boreholes were richer than the other boreholes.in general, there are two types of indicator hypotheses about the construction of gypsum decorations; in the first hypothesis, it is believed that the plaster decorations in this area were drawn on the walls at once, and then the artist created his desired designs on the plaster with a tool similar to a scraper; but in the second hypothesis, it is believed that the plaster’s decorations were made in the form of molding and then installed in place. given the available evidence, it is not wise to simply accept or reject any of these theories. applying and combining these two methods was certainly not impossible, and the artists of the sassanid period could create innovative and new methods in this field; because it seems that in some cases the designs have been prepared by molding method and in some cases, the plasters have been applied on the wall at once; thus, in bishapur, the two methods of insitu shaping and fabrication using mold can be considered as the main methods in performing plastering techniques. in the insitu shaping method, after applying the gypsum paste on the desired surface, such as a wall or ceiling, etc., and the expiration of the gypsum setting to a suitable level that does not cause the gypsum to fall, the gypsum master forms the gypsum mortar. in the method of using the mold, it is done in two ways: in situ and prefabricated. in the insitu method, gypsum mortar is poured into a onepiece or multipiece wooden mold that has been premade, and in some cases, it is injected and after setting the plaster and kneading it, it separates the mold from it and the masterworks on its joinery. in the prefabricated mold method, all the parts are premade and the master connects them and after joining all the parts, he pays them. gypsum pieces with geometric designs found from the ninth season of excavation in bishapur are usually moldmaking and do not have various shapes, and are usually spoonshaped, in other words, tubeshaped. it seems that all these parts have been used to cover around the ledges, corners of walls, windows, and doors. parts of this type of plastering around a ledge have also been found. another example of stucco is “shell designs”. these pieces represent a bunch of bivalve mussels. the use of these parts is all as fillets next to the dome and porch as well as the corners of the rooms. these pieces were also made by molding and probably did this on the spot.other parts are plaques that are found in the form of broken pieces. these parts usually belong to the edge of the plate and are only one part of the center of the plate. the plaques sometimes have human motifs depicting kings, princes, princes, and gods, and provide valuable information for researchers in the analysis of political history, art, and archeology. the face of a king or prince was found inside a plaque in the bishapur, the preliminary stages of which have been completed and the results will be published in the future. the designs of these gypsum boards are usually geometric and floral. the geometric patterns are mostly related to the square border of the plate. several pieces of red and black colored plaster are also obtained, which are related to flat walls.the artists of the sassanid period could create innovative and new methods in the field of plastering; because it seems that in some cases the designs have been prepared by molding method and in some cases, the plastering has been applied on the wall all at once; thus, in bishapour, the two methods of insitu shaping and fabrication using molds can be considered as the main methods in performing plastering techniques, which are usually prefabricated parts made in two sizes; one of them is 12 x 12 cm and the other is 18 x 18 cm.conclusionfrom all the discovered artifacts, little information can be figured out from the plastering around the ledges. upper back injuries are more common than lower back injuries. these plasters consist of two categories; the first category is plastering that is prefabricated in parts that have been molded due to mass production and the findings of this category are more. the second category is plastering which is built onsite and this category has a greater role. from the first category, most of the stucco is found with a cross and spoon design, and from the second category, there are a little number of gypsum plates. in terms of shape and role, it can almost be said that role limitations are observed in the discovered samples and the designs are not very diverse. these parts had the least similarity with the parts discovered from other sassanid sites.