فرهنگ عصرمفرغ خراسان بزرگ، شکل‌گیری یک مفهوم: خراسان

فرهنگ عصر مفرغ خراسان بزرگ، یکی از مهم ترین فرهنگ های آغازتاریخی بخشی از نیمۀ غربی آسیا است. این تمدن با مجموعۀ مواد فرهنگی مشابه و غنی شامل بقایای معماری با پلان از شاخص، سفال، مُهرهای مسطح، مهرهای مشبک، مجسمه های سنگ صابونی، پیکرک های ترکیبی، زیورآلات ارزشمند زرین و سیمین و چندین شاخصۀ دیگر است. نخستین بار بقایای این مجموعۀ فرهنگی از محوطه های بسیار غنی در سرزمین های باختر  و مرو به دست آمد، به همین دلیل این سرزمین ها به عنوان منشا آن معرفی و این مجموعۀ فرهنگی به این نام معروف شد؛ این درحالی ست که برخی پژوهشگران منشا این فرهنگ را در خراسان ایران می دانستند. ولی به دلیل این که تا چندی پیش هیچ محوطه ای از این فرهنگ در خراسان شناسایی نشده بود، راه بر هرگونه بحث و نظر بسته بود. هدف نخست این پژوهش بررسی، مطالعه، جمع بندی و طبقه بندی آثار کشف شده از فرهنگ عصر مفرغ خراسان ایران است که در دو دهۀ اخیر منتشر شده اند. برآیند این هدف در کنار سایر یافته های این فرهنگ در پهنۀ گستردۀ غرب آسیا قرار خواهد گرفت تا جهان فرهنگ عصر مفرغ خراسان بزرگ در چشم انداز وسیع تر دیده شود. بر این اساس ضروری است که تک نگاری ها و اندک انتشارات محوطه های این منطقه به صورت یک جا و در قالب یک مجموعه گردآوری شده و به این ترتیب نگاهی دوباره به مباحث مربوط به این دوره افکنده شود. در این پژوهش اساس کار بر پژوهش کتابخانه ای استوار است. پرسش اصلی بدین شرح است که، با توجه به کاوش ها و کشف های دو دهۀ اخیر در خراسان ایران، چه تصویری از این فرهنگ در خراسان ایران نسبت به سایر مناطق دیگر این فرهنگ می توان ارائه داد. چنین فرض شده است که آثار به دست آمده از فرهنگ خراسان بزرگ در خراسان ایران باوجود کمبودهایی نسبت به مناطق دیگر، چون: جنوب ترکمنستان و شمال افغانستان، نشان از همگونی و یکپارچگی فرهنگی دارد. امروزه با وجود شناسایی و کاوش چند محوطۀ دارای این فرهنگ در ایران به ویژه در جنوب خراسان آنجا که امروزه استان خراسان جنوبی نامیده می شود، به نظر می رسد می توان داده های این فرهنگ را در یک چشم انداز گستردۀ منطقه ای قرار داد. در تصویر شکل گرفته، خراسان ایران هم سنگ باختر و مرو اهمیت می یابد که در کنار هرات شباهت فراوانی با چهار ربع خراسان بزرگ در دوران اسلامی دارد. این مهم می تواند نشانگر شکل گیری مفهوم خراسان به عنوان یک مفهوم فرهنگی از عصر مفرغ باشد.

the bronze age of greater khorasan culture the formation a concept: khorasan

abstractabstract: the bronze age of greater khorasan culture is one of the most important protohistoric cultures of the western half of asia. this culture is similar and rich in the collection of cultural materials consist of architectural remains with a predesigned plan, stamp seals, compartment seals, chlorite statues, combined figurines, precious jewelry of gold and silver and several other features. for the first time, the remains of this cultural complex were obtained from very rich sites in the bacteria and margiana. for this reason, these lands were introduced as its origin and this cultural complex became known by this name. however, some researchers know the origin of this culture in khorasan, iran. however, due to the fact that until recently no site of this culture had been identified in khorasan, the way was open for any discussion. the primary purpose of this study is to study, summarize and classify the works discovered from the culture in the iranian khorasan that have been published in the last two decades. the results of this study, along with other findings of this culture, will be taken in the wider area of west asia until the cultural world of the bronze age of greater khorasan culture became more widespread in the future. on this basis, it is necessary that the monographs and the small number of publications in this area be collected together and in the form of a collection and in this way, a new look will be taken at the issues related to this period. this research is based on the research of solid libraries. it has been assumed that the works obtained from the bronze age of greater khorasan culture in iranian khorasan, have some shortcomings compared to other regions, such as: the south of turkmenistan and the north of afghanistan. keywords: greater khorasan, bronze age, bacteria and margiana archaeological collection, greater khorasan culture.introductionthe bronze age of greater khorasan culture was first identified and introduced by victor sarianidi from the dashli site in bactria, northern afghanistan (sarianidi 1977). at about the same time, artifacts from this culture were found in the southern turkmenistan from margiana oasis (hiebert 1994:165). the similarity of the material culture of these two regions has led some scholars of bactria and margiana to be considered as the nuclear of the formation of this culture. for this reason, the term bactriamargiana archaeological complex was given to this culture (sarianidi 1990, hiebert 1994). this culture is also known as the oxus civilization (francfort 1989, lambergkarlovsky 1994). recently, artifacts of this culture have been obtained in iranian khorasan (biscione & vahdati 2020, lunou 2018). bactria, margiana and iranian khorasan all are defined in the territory of a land that is close to two millennia known in historical sources as greater khorasan (dana 1396). cultural cohesion of greater khorasan is acknowledged by researchers (yarshater 1376). evidence of cultural integration in this land has been documented since preachaemenid times (vogelsang 1992); to the extent that d’yakonov believes in the existence of a kingdom in the eastern part of iran, the center of bacteria in the preachaemenid period (d’yakonov, 1954). objectives and necessity of research: a study, summary and classification of the works discovered from the bronze age of iranian khorasan culture, which have been published in the last two decades. on this basis, it is necessary that the monographs and the small number of publications in this area be collected together and in the form of a collection and in this way, a new look will be taken at the issues related to this period.questions and hypotheses: what image of this culture can be presented in iranian khorasan, compared to other regions of this culture? it has been assumed that the works obtained from the bronze age of greater khorasan culture in iranian khorasan, have some shortcomings compared to other regions, such as: the south of turkmenistan and the north of afghanistan.the bronze age of greater khorasan culture in iranian khorasanmany sites in khorasan iran have been identified and a small number have been excavated. this sites are: karim abad of neyshabur was excavated (labbaf khaniki 1381), yusef abad of firuze town (nishapur p) was excavated (hiebert & dyson, 2002; lunou, 2018), tappe yam of faruj was excavated (venco ricciardi 1980: 5758), shahrak firuze of neyshabur was excavated (basafa & rahmati 1390), taape damghani of sabzevar (francfort et al. 2014, garazhian 1393), ferizi site of sabzevar was surveyed (sabori et al. 1393), challow site of jajarm was excavated (biscione & vahdati 2011, vahdati et al. 1397), tappe eshgh of bojnord was excavated (vahdati 2014), raze site of darmian was excavated (sorush & yusefi 1393), gavand site of ferdows was excavated (farjami 1394), bakanda site of tabas was excavated (farjami 1394, annani 1398), atrak basin was surveyed (venco ricciardi 1980) consist of 15 sites, darregaz plain was surveyed (kohl & heskel 1980, yusefi zoshk & baghizade 1391) consist of 15 sites, kale shur basin in esfaryen consist of 2 sites was surveyed (vahdati 2015), kale salar basin consist of 9 sites was surveyed (rezaei et al. 2018).conclusion unfortunately, the sites of the bronze age of greater khorasan culture in iranian khorasan have been little explored. it is very difficult to talk about the sociopolitical organization and the relationship between these sites and each other and other areas, as the archeological excavations in this area have not been carried out on a large scale or few activities have been carried out in full. it is not even possible to answer the question whether the graves obtained with the cultural materials of the greater khorasan civilization belong to the nomads or sedentries. some scholars consider the works obtained from this culture in iranian khorasan to be rare but here it is emphasized that the areas within the khorasan of iran are only of the type of the culture of greater khorasan. however, unlike hiebert and lambergkarlovsky (1992), it should be emphasized that these sites are not rare and khorasan iran should be included in the world of culture of greater khorasan. the sites of greater khorasan introduced in this article are different in terms of use. these areas were cemeteries (shahrake firuze, challow, tappe eshgh, raze), residential (shahrake firuze, challow, tappe damghani, ferizi) and workshop (shahrake firuze and challow) and of course, the use of some of these areas is also unknown (karim abad, gavand and bekanda).with an overview of the 14 sites and areas introduced in this article, it is possible to imagine a core of the sites of the culture of greater khorasan within the modern city of neyshabur. the core includes the areas of karim abad, shahrake firuze and yousef abad. if the boundaries of this border become larger, the existing areas within the city of sabzevar (tappe damghani and ferizi) can also be added to this complex. in this view, neyshabur does not mean a city, but a geographical area and a land known as neyshabur. with such a view, the remarkable point is the formation of an image that later in the islamic era is known as the four divisions of greater khorasan. these four parts (quarters) are marv, neyshabur, balkh and herat. each of these sections was the cultural and sometimes political center of greater khorasan during the islamic era and played a very important role in the cultural unity of khorasan. other sites discovered such as raze, bakanda, gavand and tappe eshgh are more indicative of cemeteries and commercial stations. as a result, the bronze age culture of greater khorasan in khorasan iran is a combination of one of the main cores of this civilization and trading stations with the western regions (mesopotamia). desert marginal areas such as bakanda and gavand are located on the main trade route northsouth and eastwest which connected the main cores of the culture of greater khorasan to the western regions of the zagros and mesopotamia through areas such as shahdad and tappe hesar.