بررسی جایگاه سفال نوع گودین Vi در مطالعات پیش‌ازتاریخ شرق زاگرس‌مرکزی

گودین تپۀ کنگاور، یکی از شاخص ترین محوطه های هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد غرب ایران به حساب می آید. در اواسط این هزاره، سفال های خوش ساخت و منقوشی تحت عنوان سفال منقوش گونۀ گودین در توالی تپه ظاهر می گردد که هیچ گونه قرابتی را با سفال های زمخت و بدون نقش دورۀ viiا(vii/vi3) ندارند و نوعی نوآوری سفالی در توالی شرق زاگرس مرکزی به حساب می آید. نمونه های کاملاً مشابه این گونۀ سفالی در مناطق وسیعی از فلات مرکزی ایران در هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد گزارش گردیده است. برخلاف کنگاور، در فلات مرکزی ایران این گونۀ سفالی از عمومیت و فراوانی ویژه ای برخوردار بوده و تداوم بی وقفۀ آن در سراسر دوران مس وسنگ برخلاف مناطق شرق زاگرس مرکزی، نشان دهندۀ خاستگاه اصلی آن در فلات مرکزی ایران است. هدف اصلی از نگارش این مقاله، تبیین جایگاه این گونۀ سفالی در توالی شرق زاگرس مرکزی و چگونگی نفوذ آن از مناطق فلات مرکزی ایران به مناطق شرق زاگرس مرکزی در غرب ایران است. بدین منظور، ابتدا اشاراتی به مطالعات هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد شرق زاگرس مرکزی و معرفی این گونۀ سفالی خواهد شد؛ در ادامه با استفاده از منابع و داده های منتشر شده در ارتباط با محوطه های دارای سفال نوع گودین vi در مناطق شرق زاگرس مرکزی و مقایسۀ آن با نمونه های مشابه محوطه های فلات مرکزی ایران به دنبال پاسخ گویی به پرسش اصلی مقاله که، در چگونگی نفوذ این گونۀ سفالی در شرق زاگرس مرکزی است، خواهد بود. در پایان، نتیجۀ مطالعات نشان می دهد که مناطق شرق زاگرس مرکزی در هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد به سطح کاملی از پیچیدگی های اجتماعی رسیده و با نواحی اطراف خود و به ویژه فلات مرکزی دارای بیشترین ارتباطات و برهم کنش های فرهنگی است. سفال موسوم به نوع گودین نیز نتیجۀ این برهم کنش ها و ارتباطات فرهنگی شرق زاگرس مرکزی با فلات مرکزی در هزارۀ 4 ق.م. است.

godin vi painted pottery in the eastern central zagros

abstractthe 4th millennium bc is one of the most important periods of the history. during the 4th millennium bc, the first urban societies were established in southern mesopotamia and southwestern iran. even southern mesopotamia and southwestern iran are among central regions of urbanization, but adjacent areas, particularly central zagros in western iran, have played the main role in this process. godin tepe is one of the most important archaeological sites during the 4th millennium bc in western iran which has main role in the urbanization studies. the excavation of this site and seh gabi in kangavar shaped the cultural sequence of central zagros until now.  even this site has close cultural interaction with northern region such as urmia basin during 5th millennium bc, but later in the 4th millennium bc, this interaction has changed from north to east and to the central plateau. the most significant characteristics of the interactions between godin and the central plateau, is some fair painted buff pottery (godin vi painted pottery) which is reported from the late chalcolithic period sites of the central plateau (sialk iii67b). regarding the existence  of this painted pottery throughout chalcolithic period ( not only late chalcolithic) in the central plateau and the absence of this ware in preceding  period(godin vii) in godin sequence, it should be noted that the godin vi painted buff ware is not local in kangavar area. it has a foreign provenance that should be looked after in central plateau. our methodology in this paper is comparison of this fine painted buff pottery from godin vi period with the previous coarse ware of godin vii, and with same ware of late chalcolithic period sites of the central plateau.  we do not believe in immigration hypothesis about this intrusive ware in godin sequence. obviously future studies will be needed.keywords: prehistory of central zagros, late chalcolithic, godin vi pottery, sialk iii pottery.introductionthe 4th millennium bc is one of the most important periods of the history? during the 4th millennium bc, the first urban societies were established in southern mesopotamia and southwestern iran. even southern mesopotamia and southwestern iran are among central regions of urbanization, but adjacent areas, particularly central zagros in western iran, have played the main role in this process. godin tepe is one of the most important archaeological sites during the 4th millennium bc in western iran which has main role in the urbanization studies. the excavation of this site and seh gabi in kangavar shaped the cultural sequence of central zagros until now. the focus of our studies is on godin viivi strata which overlapped somewhat with uruk period in mesopotamia.  about this period and particularly those wellknown godin v rounded building, many papers were published. our goal is to study the buff painted pottery of period vi (vi1).  comparing to the previous period (godin vii) characterized by coarse and plain chaff tempered pottery, the fine wheel made pottery of period vi is an intrusive one. noted that the same painted buff pottery was reported from the late chalcolithic period sites of central plateau, sialk iii67b and ghabristan iv (fazeli et al 2013, majidzadeh 1978, 1981). in contrast to central zagros where this buff painted pottery was introduced in period vi abruptly, in central plateau this pained ware was reported from the previous period (sialk iiiii). also the central plateau wares have more divers shape and motif comparing to the central zagros so our evidence showing that the original provenance of this painted pottery is in the central plateau and not in central zagros. noted that east of central zagros and central plateau of iran during the fourth millennium bc had a great interaction with each other that as a result such painted pottery was developed from the central plateau to kangavar.  question, research method: as mentioned, the focus of this paper is on the fourth millennium bc and on the chalcolithic period strata of tepe godin and particularly godin vi painted buff pottery (levine and young 1987, young 2004, rothman and badler 2011, moghaddam and javanmardzadeh 2012, wiess and young 1975, young 1969, young and levine 1974, badler 1995, mattews 2006). godin tepe reached its maximum level of social complexity in the fourth millennium bc and has great interaction with neighboring areas and particularly the central plateau of iran. this painted buff pottery is reported from the late chalcolithic period sites of the central plateau of iran. our methodology in this paper is comparison of this fine painted buff pottery from godin vi period with the previous coarse ware of godin vii,and with same ware of late chalcolithic period sites of the central plateau. introducing this painted pottery in the godin sequence abruptly, the occurrence of this ware not only in late chalcolithic period sites of central plateau but throughout the chalcolithic period and diverse shape and decoration of this ware in chalcolithic period sites of central plateau, demonstrated that this ware is related to the  central plateau. it was considered as an intrusive ware in the eastern central zagros area such as godin tepe. godin tepe has solid cultural interaction with neighboring areas during the prehistory. during the middle chalcolithic period, this interaction was toward the north and particularly the lake urmia basin. but in 4th millennium bc this interaction was changed from north to east and to the central plateau.(roustaie and azadi 2017). this painted buff pottery is considered as a main evidence of this interaction. future studies will tell us more about the eastern central zagros central plateau interaction.conclusionintroducing this painted pottery in the godin sequence abruptly, the occurrence of this ware not only in late chalcolithic period sites of central plateau but throughout the chalcolithic period and diverse shape and decoration of this ware in chalcolithic period sites of central plateau, demonstrated that this ware is related to the  central plateau. it was considered as an intrusive ware in the eastern central zagros area such as godin tepe. the main question regarding this fine painted pottery is about the sudden emergence of this pottery in the sequence of godin and how it developed from the central plateau and reached the eastern central zagros in the west of iran?     we do not believe in immigration hypothesis about this intrusive ware in godin sequence as those theory explained for godin vii plume ware at central plateau. as noted at fourth millennium bc, godin tepe at west of iran reached its maximum level of social complexity and is one of the most important trade centers which has great contact and interaction with neighboring areas and particularly the central plateau of iran. this trend was started at godin vii period and those plume wares of zagros were reported from the central plateau of iran. noted that before godin vii period and during the fifth and sixth millennium bc, west of iran had great interactions and contact with the northwest of iran. with the beginning of godin vii period and specially godin vi period, the direction of communication was changed from north to the east and the areas like the central plateau become the main commercial partner of the western iran at fourth millennium bc. consequently, this fine painted ceramic was evidence of this interactions and communications.  obviously future studies and excavations will tell more about this fine painted ware in western iran.