شواهدی جدید از کاسۀ لبه‌واریخته از محوطۀ کله‌کوب، استان خراسان جنوبی

درطول هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد در مناطق وسیعی از خاورمیانه ظروف مشابهی تولید و استفاده شده که در ایران تحت عنوان کاسۀ لبه واریخته شناخته می شود. کمیت حیرت آور و شباهت در ظاهر و فن ساخت این نوع کاسه در محدودۀ وسیع جغرافیایی، سبب اهمیت این ظرف سفالی در مطالعات باستان شناسی گردیده است. تاکنون پژوهش های مختلفی دربارۀ تاریخ گذاری، کارکرد و دلیل گستردگی حوزۀ پراکنش این گونۀ سفالی، صورت پذیرفته است؛ هرچند کاسۀ لبه واریخته در محوطه های بسیاری در محدودۀ غرب، جنوب، جنوب شرق و فلات مرکزی ایران شناسایی و معرفی شده و منطقۀ شرق ایران خارج از حوزۀ پراکنش این دادۀ فرهنگی درنظر گرفته می شود، اما به دست آمدن کاسه های لبه واریخته از کاوش های محوطۀ کله کوب نشان داد که این فرهنگ سفالی در مناطقی وسیع تری از آن چه تاکنون متصور بوده ایم؛ گسترش یافته است. کله کوب محوطه ای است در شرق ایران، استان خراسان جنوبی و شهرستان سرایان و طی کاوش هایی که در سال 1397 ه .ش. در این محوطه صورت گرفت، در دو کارگاه لایه نگاری حجم زیادی از کاسۀ لبه واریخته به همراه دیگر گونه های سفالی مربوط به هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد که در جنوب غرب ایران شناخته شده هستند، در دورۀ دوم این محوطه که با عنوان کله کوبii معرفی می شود، به دست آمد. این محوطه تاکنون شرقی ترین محوطه در فلات ایران است که کاسۀ لبه واریخته در مجموعۀ یافته های آن دیده شده است. باتوجه به اهمیت محوطۀ کله کوب در شناخت حوزۀ پراکنش این گونۀ سفالی، در این مقاله سعی بر آن است تا در ابتدا به طبقه بندی و گونه شناسی آن پرداخته شود، سپس با مقایسۀ گونه های مختلف سفالی این محوطه با مناطق دیگر، درک بهتری از ارتباطات بین منطقه ای و چگونگی پراکنش آن در شرق ایران به دست آورد. در مجموعۀ یافته های این محوطه، تعداد قابل توجهی کاسۀ لبه واریخته، سینی بانشی و تعداد محدودی از دیگر سبک های سفالی شاخص هزارۀ چهارم قبل ازمیلاد همچون ظروف دسته دماغی و ظروف لوله دار به دست آمده است. کاسۀ لبه واریخته حدود 15% از سفال های لایه های مربوط به این دوره را تشکیل می دهد و دیگر سفال های شاخص این دوره کمّیت ناچیزی را به خود اختصاص داده اند. ازنظر فن ساخت و سبک کاسه های به دست آمده از این محوطه کاملاً مشابه نمونه های جنوب غرب ایران هستند.

new evidence of beveled rim bowls from kale kub, south khorasan province

abstractduring the fourth millennium bce similar wares used to produce and use in the extended area in near east which is socalled beveled rim bowls. its importance is for high quantity and similarity in production techniques. different studies on dating, function, and the main reason for the spread of this pottery style have been done. although beveled rim bowls were found in many sites in west, south, southeastern, and central plateau, hereby new finding from kale kub seems that this pottery style was spread in the more extended area than what we expect. kale kub is located in the eastern part of iran, southern khorasan, and sarayan county. in 2018, two trenches were opened in order to identify the stratigraphy of the high amount of beveled rim bowls in addition to other pottery styles belong to fourth millennium bce which are already known in southwestern iran. the current study would be clarifying the importance of the kale kub site for identifying the dispersal zone of beveled rim bowl pottery style by an endeavor firstly foe the classification and typology of the potteries and then a comparison between the pottery style in this site with other sites related to this period. also, we attempt to trace the possible routes for this pottery style to the east and the interaction between east and west of iran. pottery collection from the excavation in kale kub includes a high amount of beveled rim bowls, banesh tray, and some other pottery styles which are wellknown from fourth millennium bce such as nose handle and spouted wares. beveled rim bowls are over 15 percent of the pottery collection and other styles have a few quantities in the collection. in term of production techniques and style, kale kub finds are similar to those from southwest of iran.keywords: eastern iran, kaleh kub ii, beveled rim bowls, forth millennium bce.introductionthe first season of excavation at kale kub aimed to identify the stratigraphy sequence of this site, which has revealed the chronological sequence from fifth to late fourth millennium bce. cultivation and human activities in recent years resulted in disturbance in most parts of the site. beveled rim bowls, banesh tray, and other diagnostic pottery styles of fourth millennium bce are the most important finds in this site. in addition to beveled rim bowls and banesh tray, other diagnostic styles such as nose handle, spouted wares were found in kale kub that shows all styles belong to this millennium would have seen in the eastern part of the iranian plateau. in modern iran, these pottery styles are reported from the southwest, central zagros, central plateau, and southeast, but from east and northeast just reported from farhad gerd which scholars believe that the reported pottery is not beveled rim bowl. excavation in kale kub shows the extension of this culture to the east part of iran. this site is located far from the wellknown sites from this period in the west part of iran and there are two deserts, dashte kavir and lut desert, between this site and other known sites with similar pottery style increase the importance of finding the answer for this question that how this culture found its way to the east.conclusioninterregional interactions had a significant effect on the movement of raw material and production in the extended area. because of the geographical situation of kale kub at the east of iran and the existence of metal mine in the region, this site possibly appeared as a supplier place in the interaction networks for the southwest of iran during the fourth millennium bce. the pottery culture which is prevalent in the southwest in this site shows clearly these interactions. to answer the question of how they were connected, we need more excavations and more information. the nearest sites with similar cultural features to the kale kub are tepe sofalin in pishva, varamin in central plateau; and in the southeast of iran, mahtout abad in jiroft, that both have about thousand kilometers are away from kale kub. this distance shows that there are highly probable some other sites between sofalin and kale kub and also mahtout abad and kale kub that have not been identified yet. these twodirection routes (first, the southern boundary of alborz mountain and north of dashte kavir; second, the southern part of lut desert to the sistan region and eastern parts of iran), are the possible routes that connect the east to the fourth millennium bce cultures of southwest in purpose of achieving the raw material. in the highlands around kale kub, copper mining evidence showing that these mines were used till late islamic periods in the region as well. also, this region has various types of opal. kale kub location between afghanistan and inner part of iranian plateau suggests that this site was formed on the way of lapislazuli movement routs from afghanistan; also, the mines of turquoise at the neishabur is near to the site. although, finding the role of this site in the networks of fourth millennium bce needs more information that will be revealed by more excavations but current evidence shows that this site had an exchange and production function in the trade in this period. it suggests that beveled rim bowls and other material culture from fourth millennium bce (about 36003500 bce) extended to the east from the central plateau and southern part of alborz mountain as well as northern side of dashte kavir.