تبیین گاه‌نگاری و تحلیل نسبی کاربری چهارطاقی دوازده امامِ لودریچه شهرستان برخوار (استان اصفهان): بنایی مذهبی از دورۀ ساسانی و قرون اولیۀ اسلامی

لودریچه محله ای واقع در شهرستان برخوار و 9 کیلومتری شمال شهر اصفهان است. این بنا در مجاورت قبرستان کهن که امروزه تبدیل به فضای سبز شده، قرار دارد. جهت بنا شمال غربی-جنوب شرقی و نقشۀ آن چهارطاقی است که بعدها دخالت هایی در آن صورت گرفته است. به دلیل قرارگیری این منطقه در فاصلۀ 4 کیلومتری شرق شهر تاریخی گز (با استقرارهایی از دورۀ اشکانی و ساسانی) مطالعۀ این بنا در بافت فرهنگی تاریخی اش درخور اهمیت است. در همین راستا تلاش شد تا ضمن بررسی باستان شناسانۀ چهارطاقی لودریچه، فهمی نسبی از تاریخ ساخت و کاربری این بنا ارائه و به عنوان یکی از اولین پژوهش های متکی بر فعالیت باستان شناسانه در شهرستان برخوار، مبنای مطالعات تطبیقی و مقایسه ای آتی در این منطقه قرار گیرد. مهم ترین و اصلی ترین پرسش های پژوهش، زمان ساخت بنا و کاربری بنا از زمان ساخت آن تاکنون(؟) است. برحسب فرض های اولیه و با تشریح نقشۀ بنا، بنای لودریچه متعلق به دورۀ ساسانی و قرون اولیۀ اسلامی با کاربری مذهبی درنظر گرفته شد که با انجام پژوهش، این فرضیات اثبات شد. این پژوهش با روش بررسی پیشینۀ بنا در متون تاریخی، ارزیابی مصالح و عناصر تزئینی بنا، تحلیل نقشۀ معماری و مقایسۀ آن با سایر بناهای همجوار و همزمان انجام شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش بیانگر این است که بنای لودریچه چهارطاقی ای متعلق به دورۀ ساسانی یا سده های اولیۀ اسلامی با کاربری آتشکده یا همان «آتشکدۀ زروان اردشیر» است که به دستور اردشیر بابکان پس از تصرف اصفهان در هنگام ظهر در قریۀ «خوار» ساخته شده که بعدها با ورود دین اسلام به منطقه، این بنا از آتشکده به حسینیه تغییرکاربری داده و تا امروز اهالی این منطقه از آن به عنوان بنایی مذهبی استفاده می نمایند.

Relative Chronology and Comparative Functional Analysis of DavazdahEmam Chartaghi in Lowdaricheh of Burkhar County in Isfahan Province: A Monument from Sassanian Period to an Early Islamic Centuries

AbstractLowdaricheh is a neighborhood in the town of Burkhar 9 km north of Isfahan. This monument is adjacent to the ancient cemetery, which has become a receational spot today. The northwestsoutheast direction of the momument and its plan is a quadrilateral that later interferes. Due to its location 4 kilometers east of the historic city of Gaz (with settlements from the Parthian and Sassanid periods), the study of this building is important in its historicalcultural context. In this regard, while taking advantage of the archaeological survey of the Lowdaricheh quadrangle, it provided a relative understanding of the history of its construction and it’s use and as a basis for future comparative and comparative studies in the area, as one of the first studies of archaeological activity in the city. The most important research questions are the time of construction and the use of the building since its construction. According to preliminary assumptions and with a description of the plan of the building, the Lowdaricheh building of the Sassanid Period and the early Islamic centuries was considered to be religious. This research has been done by examining the history of the building in historical texts, evaluating the materials and decorative elements of the building, analyzing the architectural plan and comparing it with other neighboring and simultaneous buildings. The results of the research indicate that the chartaqie Lowdaricheh building of the Sassanid Period or Early Islamic centuries was used by the (ZarvanArdashir) FireTemple, which was built by Ardeshir Babakan after the capture of Isfahan at noon in (Khar) village. The entrance of the Islam into the area has changed it from a FireTemple to a Hoseiniyeh and to this day its inhabitants use it as a religious building. Keywords: Chartaghi, Sasanid, Early Islamic Centuries, Lowdaricheh, Burkhar County in Isfahan.IntroductionBurkhart city is located in the central areas of Isfahan province. The Mountains Karkas of Height 3000 meters north and northeast and the rest of the area forms a relatively flat plain. The Lowdaricheh quadrangle was visited by the authors in the summer of 2014, during the enlargement of its adjacent bypass. Upon visiting the building, the fourstory plan was built and immediately mapped by experts on the site and its contemporary adjacent spaces and with the permission of the Isfahan Province’s Cultural Heritage Office, some of the interior areas were peeled to identify the materials. The historical identity of the building remains unknown to this day.Aims and Necessity of Research: To understand the identity of the building, it was attempted to provide a relative understanding of the history of construction and use of the building concerning historical texts and archaeological evidence. Questions and assumptions: The most important research questions are the time of construction of the building and if the evidence is found and discovered and the know how of it’s restoration. One of the most important research questions regarding the use of the building since its construction. According to preliminary assumptions and with the outline of the building plan, the chartaqi building of the Lowdaricheh of the Sasanian period and the early Islamic centuries was considered religious. This hypothesis was confirmed by conducting research.Method: Fortunately, with the permission of the officials of the Isfahan Cultural Heritage Bureau, supervised by the Cultural Heritage Representation of Burkhar, the plasterboard was exfoliated in some parts of the internal body. 3 phases of architecture with different techniques and materials were identified, the first phase having two different subphases. Finally, it is attempted to introduce the Chartaqi of Lowdaricheh with a descriptiveanalytical approach, in its historicalcultural context and its spatial range, and then to perform comparative studies with a relative landuse approach and dating. Description and Introduction of the BuildingThe monument is Situated 60 meters west of the ruined aqueduct, which is one of the most important water resources in the area. The floor of the building is street wellnigh 122 cm high and all Building wall 466 cm high from level to below the dome. Is Dome height 333 cm. The dome of the Shengeh is 122 cm high. The sides of the building vary from 470 to 480 cm. The width of the current porch is 179 cm and the base of the base is 114 cm. According to the trustee of the building, the entrance to the southeast of the building was blocked by him in 1358 Hijri Shamsi, which shows the entrance to the exterior of the building. The date of blocking the northeast entrance was unclear during the layering and visibility of the materials was found to be of the second phase of the building’s architecture (midIslamic period Seljuk period) and indicates that The rebuilding time is blocked due to the near and unnecessary passage, and only the opening and arch of this entrance can be seen in the interior of the building.Exfoliation revealed that the building has three phases and several phases of architecture: 1 The first phase consists of a primary building with local materials that has a base of crushed mud and extensions of walls with 32 cm adobe and 8 Cm 2 The second period, which features with interior tile decoration, dome shingle, and shingle tile decoration. This architectural course was created due to the demolition of the original dome and with the aim of rebuilding it by a comparative study with other monuments in the Seljuk period. The materials used in this architectural, 23 × 23×5 cm mud brick, which were common materials during the renovation of the building and were used only in the dome to strengthen the mortar. In the second period of architecture, two rows of the niche have been built in the interior of the building 3 The third phase belongs to the contemporary era with materials of brick and cement to consolidate the main building created in 1358 by the trustee and other residents.ConclusionIn this article, Lowdaricheh chartaqi is introduced with a descriptiveanalytical approach in its historicalcultural context and spatial limits and then the function and history of this structure are explained using a comparative approach. Research results and evidences ranging from similarity of local building materials and plan of Lowdaricheh chartaqi with the pattern of Sasanian fire temples and Chartaqis throughout Iran as well as Marbin and Ardestān fire temples in Isfahan, orientation of Lowdaricheh Chartaqi opposite to Mecca, the absence of signs of Mihrab (the main element of religious buildings of the Islamic era), The use of local materials in construction, lack of tomb signs and the difference with rectangular vaulted tombs of Islamic period, limited interior space of chartaqi and its isolation similar to other chartaqis of Sassanid period, presence of porches and hallways around the structure before the changes made in 1358 Hijri Shamsi and its current religious use, proximity to water resource (a Qanāt is located 60 meters West of the structure), all suggest that Lowdaricheh Chartaghi was a construction from Sassanid period or early Islamic centuries with religious usage. Upon the advent and spread of Islamic religion in this area, this structure has been preserved like many other monuments because of its religious importance and status as well as clairvoyance of Muslims relative Lowdaricheh to other religions and has changed application as a liturgicalreligious structure for newly convert Muslims and is now a Hoseiniyeh. Muslims and is now a Hoseiniyeh.