تحلیل نقش عوامل جغرافیایی در توزیع فضایی استقرارهای هزارۀ اول قبل‌ازمیلاد در حاشیۀ رودخانۀ پیغام‌چای (آذربایجان‌شرقی-کلیبر)

در باستان شناسی برای بازسازی محیط طبیعی به منظور پی بردن به چگونگی انتخاب سکونتگاه های باستانی، از علم جغرافیا مدد می جوییم؛ چراکه تاثیر متقابل انسان و محیط درطول حیات کرۀ زمین امری بلامنازع بوده و هست. مقالۀ حاضر نتیجه دو فصل بررسی میدانی در سال های 1393 و 1396 ه.ش. در جنوب غربی شهرستان کلیبر در حوزۀ ارسباران در استان آذربایجان شرقی است. هدف بررسی در فصل اول شناسایی محوطه های باستانی به منظور نجات بخشی در محدودۀ سد پیغام چای بود که طی این بررسی 18 کورگان و 11 محوطه از ادوار مختلف تاریخی بررسی و شناسایی گردید. با توجه به کورگان هایی که در محدودۀ این سد بررسی و شناسایی شد و منحصربه فرد بودن آن ها به طور خاص در شمال غرب ایران، فصل دوم مطالعات در نظر گرفته شد. از این رو در سال 1396 ه.ش. مجدداً منطقۀ مزبور بررسی شد، طی این بررسی عوامل موثر بر شکل گیری و پراکنش استقرارهای انسانی و نحوۀ توزیع فضائی-مکانی سکونت گاه ها در مطالعات لحاظ گردید. در فصل دوم، تعداد 19 کورگان و 24 محوطه از ادوار مختلف تاریخی با دو نوع الگوی استقراری شناسایی شد، که شامل استقرارهای یکجانشین و کوچ نشین بودند. از مجموع 72 اثر فرهنگی-تاریخی شناسایی شده، 45 اثر تاریخی فرهنگی مربوط به محوطه ها یا تپه های هزارۀ اول قبل ازمیلاد است که 37 اثر از این تعداد کورگان است. این مقاله بر آن است تا نقش عوامل زیست محیطی جغرافیایی موثر از قبیل ارتفاع از سطح دریا، میزان شیب و درصد آن، دسترسی به منابع آب و زمین های با قابلیت استقرار را در شکل دهی فضاهای زیست گاه انسانی هزارۀ اول قبل ازمیلاد، در شهرستان کلیبر بررسی کرده و در آخر الگوی زیستی به جای مانده از سه هزارسال پیش تاکنون را در زندگی ایلی عشایر امروز تحلیل نماید. نتیجۀ این تحقیق ثابت کرد که بهترین گزینه برای انتخاب محل سکونت نزدیک به منابع آب بوده و به جز 4 محوطه، بقیۀ محوطه ها در فاصلۀ 0-500 متری منابع آب بودند. به دلیل مراتع مناسب برای چرای دام از گذشته های دور منطقه برای استقرار فصلی مناسب بوده و حتی در حال حاضر هم عشایر نیمی از سال را در آنجا می گذرانند. ارتفاع 1700-1400 متری نیز که ارتفاع مناسبی برای اسکان انسان است عامل مهمی در سکونت گزینی انسان هزارۀ اول قبل ازمیلاد است. ازطرفی شکل گیری محوطه ها در شیب های آفتاب گیر بوده است، در بررسی زمین های با قابلیت استقرار شکل تپه ماهوری محدودۀ شمال رودخانۀ کلیبر چای نشان داد به دلیل امکان طغیان رودخانه ها استقراری ایجاد نشده و در بخش جنوبی احتمال داده می شود بخشی از آثار باستانی زیر رسوبات مدفون باشد.

The Analysis of the Geographic Factors Impact on the Spatial Distribution of the First Millennium Settlements in the Margin of the PeiqamChay River (East AzerbaijanKaleibar)

AbstractThe present paper is about the result of two seasons of archaeological exploration in the southwest of Kaleibar Township in the Arasbaran Area of the East Azerbaijan Province. The first season of archaeological exploration was conducted in 2014 and the second season was conducted in 2016. The purpose of the first season of exploration was salvage exploration to identify ancient sites in the area within the Peiqam Chay Dam. Regarding the Tumulus that were discovered in the area of this dam, and considering their incomparability in the northwest of Iran, the second season of the exploration was carried out and in 2016, the area was reexamined. In this survey, the role of geographical factors such as altitude, distance and proximity to the river and the springs, the percentage of slope and access to pastures in the creation of ancient rural settlements were analyzed. concerning the distance and proximity to the river, it was found out that almost 95% of the ancient settlements were located 500 meters or less far from the rivers and most of them were located at altitudes of 1400 to 1500 meters, considered a suitable altitude for residence. In terms of slope, the settlements were created at a slope of less than 10%. With the GeoReference of the map, the nowadays nomadic roads were estimated on the map of the study area, which the sites identified on that, the human has used the path to migrate three thousand years ago, as today’s tribes also traverse. Therefore, it can be proven that the migration pattern has continued here for three thousand years, and the chosen human model has been a nomadic or semipermanent life style. Keywords: Kaleibar, The Analysis of Settlement Patterns, Spatial Distribution, Peiqamchay River.IntroductionIn archeology, reconstructing the natural environment is trivial in order to understand how ancient settlements taking advantage of geography science, since the influence of human and environment throughout the life of the planet has been unequivocal.In this study, the factors affecting the formation and distribution of human settlements and the spatial distribution were considered. A total of 72 ancient sites were identified in two seasons with two types of settlement patterns, permanent settlement and pastoral nomadic settlements. The method of exploration in this study was pedestrian survey and stepwise scrolling. The whole study area of 306 square kilometers was surveyed and scrolled. The relationship between the identified sites with the river and its distance, height from the sea level, the proper slope of the land for settlement and its overall environmental status were carefully analyzed. The exploration was carried out based on maps of 1.25000, site visits and surface sampling. Finally, the findings were analyzed in the Global Mapper program. The study area was morphologically taken intoconsideration from the past, by the livestock communities due to its high mountains, deep valleys and midmountain plains and its placement in the nomadic tract. Because of its proximity to the valley of the Aras River, the small Caucasus Mountains (South) and the Qara Baq of Azerbaijan, as well as the Kaleibar Chay River, and suitable annual rainfall, it has a humid climate, the existence of the Arasbaran forests was its most important feature. All of these factors have made the climate suitable for a settlement of at least 3,000 years ago for the communities in which it resides. Field WorkThe method of this study was field survey and almost all the study area was surveyed. the majority of the sited restricted into the historic Kurgans and sites of the first millennium BC which were obtained in the southern regions. The study of sea level elevation indicated that almost all of ancient settlements were formed at altitudes of 1400 and 1500 meters above sea level. Slope percentages showed 5 Kurgans (first millennium BC) less than 5% slope, 18 slope effects between 5 to 10% slope, 20 slope effects between 10 to 20% slope effect, and slope between 20 and 30 slope effects. And 1 effect on the slope between 40 and 50%. There is a direct correlation between the river and the number of sites. As we move away from the riverbank, the number of yards’ decreases, and the closer we get to the river, the greater the number of yards. But in the southwestern part of the region the volume of sediments is higher and probably part of the buried archeological findings. The item of Resilient lands indicates that the topography of the river bank in the southern part due to the mahogany collision was not necessary for settlement.The adaptation of the modern nomadic tribes showed with the map of the identified ancient sites. The route of the ancient nomadic nomads is somewhat in line with the presentday route, and of course there is some change in direction.ConclusionIn general, this paper seeks to examine the role of environmental factors on shaping the human ecological spaces of the first millennium in the city of Kaleibar, and finally, the ecological factors have been survived three thousand years ago in the life of the modern nomad tribed, are being analyzed.Referring to the types of landscape, it should be noted that those areas which are located closest to the Peiqamchay River and its main valley, due to their location on agricultural land, are within the average height of 1500 m. suitable climate, proximity to the river, easy access to exchange routes, the richness of alluvial soils, forest cover and the rich rangelands of its peripheral parts make it possible to establish permanent habitats. The best example of these areas is in the southern half of the Peiqamchay Valley. The type of landscapes in the northern part of the city can be very difficult to identify, but given the high altitude of this part of the city and its cool climate for half a year, the existence of mounds, river avoidance and proximity to many springs, the rich rangelands, along with the slight scattering and excessive corrosion of the pottery, may be attributed to the settlers in this area. The relative results in both the north and south sections of the study area of the valley indicate the dominance of the nomadic or semipermanent settlement patterns.