مطالعۀ باستان‌شناختی سفال‌های قرون میانی اسلامی دست‌کند زیر‌زمینی تَهیق خُمین

پژوهش در مورد آثار سفالین دوران اسلامی ایران قدمتی بالغ بر صد سال دارد که در نتیجۀ آن تاکنون انبوهی از کتب و مقالات به چاپ رسیده اند؛ اما هم چنان یافته های جدیدی در کاوش ها و بررسی های باستان شناسی به دست می آیند که بخشی از ابهامات موجود را بر طرف کرده یا دانش ما را در مورد این آثار کامل تر می کند. در برنامۀ کاوش باستان شناسی دست کند زیر زمینی تهیق نمونه های متنوعی از سفالینه های بدون لعاب و لعاب دار به دست آمد که تاکنون هیچ پژوهشی در مورد آن ها صورت نگرفته است. بر همین اساس، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر طبقه بندی، گاهنگاری نسبی یافته های سفالین به دست آمده در کاوش تهیق و تبیین برهمکنش های فرهنگی این یافته ها با دیگر مناطق است. دو پرسش اصلی این پژوهش نیز در ارتباط با دورۀ زمانی سفالینه های تهیق و نیز مرکز یا مراکز تولیدی این آثار است. روش گردآوری داده های این مقاله اسنادی-میدانی و روش پژوهش آن توصیفی-تحلیلی است. این آثار با توجه به مطالعات مقایسه ای صورت گرفته احتمالاً متعلق به قرون میانی اسلامی باشند. هم چنین براساس داده های موجود، احتمال داده می شود بیشتر این آثار وارداتی از مناطق نزدیک یا هم جواری در فلات مرکزی ایران هم چون: ذلف آباد فراهان، مشکویۀ زرندیه، آوه، ری و کاشان، باشند؛ اما هیچ نمونۀ وارداتی از مناطق دور تر مانند کردستان، زنجان و کرمان و کشور هایی چون چین و هند، در این آثار شناسایی نشد.

Archaeological Investigation of Medieval Islamic Potteries from Troglodytic Structure of Tahigh, Khomein

AbstractIslamic potteries have been studied since about 100 years ago, which concluded to whole bunch of disseminated literature, including books and articles. However, new findings from archaeological excavations and surveys light ambiguities and develop modern knowledge of potteries. Archaeological excavation project of troglodytic structure of Tahigh revealed glazed and unglazed potsherds that have been left unstudied. Accordingly, present research aims to classify findings from Tahigh to define cultural interactions with neighboring areas, further than relative chronology. Two main problems raise here as period of potteries of Tahigh and relevant manufacturing center(s). collecting data follow bibliographic and field work studies that is based on analyticdescriptive method. Considering comparative studies, the findings probably date to Islamic medieval centuries; and regarding available data, exotic items mostly imported from sudden neighboring areas or close regions of Central Iranian Plateau, including Zolf Abad of Farahan, Moshkoyeh Zarandieh, Aveh, Rey, and Kashan, however, there have not been identified any items from further regions of Kurdistan, Zanjan, and Kirman or other countries of China and India. Keywords: Underground Hand Making, Tahigh Khomein, Pottery, Investigation of Medieval Islamic.IntroductionPresent paper comes from a season of archaeological excavation and unearthing troglodytic structure of Tahigh, Khomein, which concluded to many pieces of potsherd (Sherahi 1393). It is necessary to involve in the excavation and pottery findings in a monogram, because of lack of relevant literature and diversities of findings. Accordingly, present paper intends to classify and define cultural interactions, in addition to relative chronology, that is responding to problems facing chronology, manufacturing centers, defining local, regional, and intraregional cultural and commercial relations of residents of Tahigh to the other areas. Descriptively and analytically present paper investigates data that collected according field works and bibliographic methods; findings resulted of archaeological basic activities and excavations that studied bibliographically. The authors, firstly, present introductions on Tahigh site, then investigate different types of revealed potsherds. DiscussionSome 10,000 pieces of glazed and unglazed potsherds revealed following the 1st season of excavations of troglodytic structure of Tahigh. Around 60% of total amount of potsherds are unglazed ones, as the most amount of findings. One could categorize potsherds to different types, considering technical and decorative characteristics, as follows: Plain or decorated kitchen wares with grey or black temper; Plain or decorated kitchen wares with reddish buff temper or smoky dark brown, similar to some findings from Rey; Plain or decorated wares with reddish buff temper; Decorated or plain wares with buff temper; Wares with reddish buff temper and inlaid to patches of turquoise glaze, or with dark brown temper and inlaying of patches of bronze similar to samples from Moshkuyeh and Rey;Wares with buff or reddish buff and typical stamped Seljuq decoration, and wares with light buff temper and orange painted decoration.Glazed wares from the site mainly are frit wares that vary to many types including different types of glazed monochrome ones and underglaze incised or stamped decorations, types of underglaze paintings on white or turquoise background for example blue and striped white, wares with silhouette turquoise underglaze decoration, and few samples are painted luster or enameled wares. The potteries are very similar to medieval potteries from ZolfAbad, Moshkuyeh, Kashan and Rey. Furthermore, there were found four unique miniature frit wares with painted underglaze decorations from Tahigh; there have not been recovered similar comparative samples from the other sites. There were recovered many glazed and unglazed tallow burners that formally categorized to four groups of plain cuplike, couple handled cuplikes, plain piped, and bisection piped. ConclusionThere have been recovered different types of unglazed potteries, with clay, sand or grit temper, whereas glazed findings are generally frit wares, and few clay wares. The unglazed wares show stamped decorations that typically manufactured during medieval Islamic centuries, however, decorations of unglazed painted samples characteristically revealed during 11 to 13th centuries, which have not been reported from other archaeological sites. Considering comparative chronologies, the unglazed potteries of Tahigh probably manufactured during Islamic medieval centuries especially 1113th centuries; they were probably manufactured in workshop(s) close to the site or peripheral settlements. However, the other unglazed potteries, including stamped ones, probably imported from other areas such as Moshkuyeh Zarandieh or Rey. The glazed wares revealed abundance and diversities of burnishing and productions, generally frit wares, however, there were identified few clay ware samples. Regarding comparative chronologies, the potteries manufactured between 1213th centuries. No samples were regional production, while they were probably imported from other regions including ZolfAbad, Moshkuyeh, Aveh, kashan, and even Rey. Furthermore, tallow burners, generally frit wares, probably manufactured during 1113th centuries. According to comparative studies of Islamic potteries of Tahigh, one could suggest that residents had local and regional cultural and commercial relations. Accordingly, pottery findings generally are reveal similarities to settlements at Iranian Central Plateau including Moshkuyeh, Kashan, and Rey, rather than other sites such as Jiroft, Aqkand of zanjan, and Garoos of Bijar. It may be troglodytic construction, structure, and small area with little population of Tahigh that never permitted it to raise as a metropolis with intraregional or even international commercial relations.