بازنگری در روش‌شناسی پایش محیطی آلودگی هوا در محوطه‌های میراث صخره‌ای

میراث صخره ای ایران در میان انواع هنر صخره ای جهان، جایگاه ویژه ای دارد. نمونه هایی از این آثار، نظیر بیستون در فهرست میراث جهانی به ثبت رسیده اند و بسیاری از آن ها همچون نقش رستم در منظر فرهنگی میراث جهانی قرار گرفته اند. ارتباط این آثار با محیط در حال توسعه موجبات تهدید آن ها در معرض فعالیت انسانی، به خصوص در شکل آلودگی محیطی را افزایش داده است. خطرات و تهدید آلاینده های محیطی ایجاد شده در مناطق فوق ناشی از حضور صنایع آلایندۀ خرد و کلان و به ویژه مجموعه های پتروشیمی می تواند تهدید کنندۀ موضوع یکپارچگی چنین منظرهای فرهنگی قلمداد گردد. به همین دلیل برنامه ریزی جهت پایش دقیق محیطی این آثار ضروری است و در گام نخست، ضرورت دارد روش های مختلف پایش آلاینده های هوایی در میراث صخره ای مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. در واقع شیوه های مختلفی از اندازه گیری های محیطی برای ارزیابی شرایط حفاظت میراث صخره ای در ایران و جهان به کار رفته اند. در این میان، روش های پایش را می توان به دو گروه مستقیم و غیرمستقیم دسته بندی نمود. پرسش اصلی پژوهش در زمینۀ مزایا و معایب هر یک از این دو شیوه جهت انتخاب سامانۀ مناسب پایش میراث صخره ای است. در این مقاله، پس از گردآوری اطلاعات برآمده از مشاهدات عینی و مطالعات نظری، داده ها از طریق شیوۀ تجزیه و تحلیل کیفی حاصل آمده است. در این تحقیق با بررسی ویژگی های پایش، شیوۀ پایش مستقیم جهت شناخت بستر محیطی میراث صخره ای و کنترل آن ضروری تشخیص داده شده است. در این میان تجارب جدید حفاظت در محوطه های تاریخی می تواند نگرانی در مورد محدودیت مربوط به ایجاد زیرساخت های انرژی را برطرف نموده و هزینۀ پایش ممتد میراث صخره ای را کاهش دهد؛ لذا نتایج حاصل، علاوه بر دارا بودن ارزش های بنیادی و نظری، کاربردی نیز خواهند بود. 

A Reassessnent of the Enviromental Nonitoring Methodology of Air Pollution in Rock Heritage Sites

AbstractThe rock art heritages all across Iran have a exceptional importance compared to the rock arts of the world. For example, the Bistoon rock art complex is listed on the World Heritage Sites and some others, like NaghsheRustam, are located in the cultural landscape of World Heritage. The entities of such rock heritages to an evolving environment, have been threatened, especially with the increase in air pollutants. Threats of Environmental Pollutants might have endangered the Integration of these Cultural Landscapes. The presence of these pollutants is due to the presence of large and small pollutant industries, especially petrochemical complexes. For the first step, it is necessary to evaluate different methods of monitoring air pollutants on rock cultural heritage. Various methods of environmental measurements have been used to assess the condition of the rock heritage. These monitoring techniques can be divided into direct and indirect methods. The main research question is about the advantages and disadvantages of each of these two methods for choosing the suitable rock heritage monitoring system. In this article, next to gathering information from objective observations and theoretical studies, the data were obtained through qualitative analysis. In this article, after examining the characteristics of these two methods, the type of direct monitoring required has been identified to identify air pollutants and control the rock heritage. Meanwhile, new conservation experiences in historic sites can reduce concerns about energy infrastructure constraints and reduce the cost of continuous monitoring of rock heritage. Therefore, the results will be applied in addition to having fundamental and theoretical values.Keywords: Rocky Heritage, Air Pollution, Environmental Monitoring, Naqshe Rostam.IntroductionMonitoring is the periodic measurement of the environment that compared to the data obtained and the predetermined characteristics (Thomson, 1965). In cultural heritage sites, it is necessary to examine the process of environmental change over the short, medium and long terms, in relation to the historical impact and development centers. It also analyzes whether the two issues of conservation and economic development have been compromised (Íñigo et al., 2006). Continuous monitoring can be considered as a criterion for decisionmaking in the conservation of cultural heritage and provide shared benefits to heritage sites with the goal of improving site management and preventive conservation (Smith, 1991).Research Objectives and Necessity: The main objective of this paper is to evaluate air pollutant monitoring methods in rock heritage. The gradual expansion of cities and industries has made it unavoidable to change historic and ancient spaces even in the most remoted areas. This has become a challenging debate about the World Heritage Sites and the cultural landscape around the, and more and more important is how to control the side effects of this condition, so environmental measurements are certainly the first step.Research Questions and Hypothesis: In the present study, while reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect monitoring methods in rock heritage, has been analyzed a more appropriate system for monitoring of such heritages. It seems that in order to select an effective monitoring method, should be evaluated their impact on measuring the quality of changes in the site and to determine its scale and method according to the objective.Methodology: In this paper, while classifying environmental pollutants, it is emphasized the necessity of choosing an appropriate monitoring approach. Also have been investigated different methods and experiences of measuring and monitoring air pollutants and have been analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect monitoring techniques for selecting the most suitable rocky heritage monitoring system.ContextGenerally, environmental pollutants are divided into several major categories Which include: 1) Small and Large Industries 2) Large Scale Agriculture and 3) Road Vehicles, that each of these sources produce all kinds of environmental pollutants and can damage the rock structures (Likens Gene E., 2013: 259). Large groups of pollutants are SOx, NOx and COx that have been identified and measured for many years by sensor monitoring (Frassoldati et al., 2005). Monitoring sensor are continuously developing and they are advanced enough to be able to detect the type and concentration of different types of Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur and Carbon oxides both in situ (without the need for a laboratory) and at time (not after time) (Yu et al., 2015: 250 ؛Zhang Y. et al., 2018: 224). In this respect, techniques SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction), DLLME (Dispersive LiquidLiquid Microextraction) and etc., have been very effective in extracting environmental pollutants (Tang et al., 2011; Farré et al, 2010). There are two main options for monitoring: direct monitoring (active or passive methods) or indirect monitoring (structurally or using extraction methods). Direct monitoring measures and records the amount of air pollutants at specific time periods. In contrast, passive monitoring measures the effect of air pollutants on monuments indirectly at specified times, which are usually longer.ConclusionChoosing an effective strategy for rock heritage management with the objective of preventive conservation against air pollutants, it needs to understand the structure of the object, the environment around it and the relationship between the two. In addition to scientific studies, this  is partly dependent on the value and significance of the object from a social and cultural point of view. The advantages and disadvantages of using direct and indirect monitoring methods for selecting the appropriate rock heritage monitoring system and its measurable variables are presented and summarized in Table 1. Therefore, it would be far more useful to have a direct monitoring system for rocky heritage and it is a strategy for treatment and preventive conservation. It should be noted that any strategy definition does not necessarily mean conservation of the objects and it is necessary to continue the environmental monitoring after adopting preventive conservation, in order to determine the effectiveness of the methods and, if necessary, to revise and correct the methods.