مناسبات قدرت در بدن شاه هخامنشی براساس بینش اساطیری

در هر جامعه ای منابع مشروعیت باتوجه به سنت های حاکم بر آن جامعه توجیه می شود؛ شاه پس از رسیدن به مقام شاهی در ایران باستان به جای یک موجودیت عینی و مادی، به یک موقعیت مثالی و معنایی می رسد و در این تحول به منظور بازتاب مفاهیم لازم است تا بدن مادی او بازتابی از مفاهیم مثالی باشد که در این مقام قرار دارد. «فرّه ایزدی به عنوان یکی از مفاهیم مثالی ، باعث شکل گیری یک گفتمان حول بدن شاه می گردد که در آن نوعی برتری درجهت افزایش قدرت و مشروعیت است. پرسش های این پژوهش عبارتنداز: چگونه بدن مادی در مناسبات قدرت به بدنی آرمانی بدل می شود که برای مردم باورپذیر است؟ 2 چگونه گفتمان بدن آرمانی شاه در ادبیات و هنر آن دوره بازتاب داشته است؟ مسالۀ اصلی این است که چه شاخصه هایی در مشروعیت شاه نقش داشت که باعث تمایز و برتری بدن مادی شاه در مناسبات قدرت به بدن آرمانی و مشروعیت آفرین می شد. به همین منظور در این مقاله به شیوۀ اکتشافی، جنبه های مختلفی از کارکردهای بدن شاه هخامنشی مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفته و چگونگی روند شکل گیری گفتمان بدن آرمانی شاه بررسی، و شناختی هرچه عمیق تر به نوع نگرش قدرت درجهت کسب مشروعیت است. هدف از این پژوهش، واکاوی گفتمان بدن شاه هخامنشی در قالب رفتارهای کنش مند، ازطریق کندو کاو در منابع نوشتاری و تصویری است. فرضیۀ پژوهش بر این اصل استوار است که آنچه به عنوان گفتمان حول محور بدن شاه شکل گرفته، برگرفته از تاریخ اساطیر ایران در غالب مجموعه ای از کارکردهای نمادین در بدن آرمانی شاه هخامنشی بازتاب پیدا کرده است. یافته ها و نتایج نشان می دهد که همۀ این مجموعه ها وانموده هایی هستند که مفاهیم سه گانۀ بدن شاه فرهمند، جنگجو و برکت بخش را درجهت منافع قدرت افزایش داده است.

The Indications Power in the Body of the Achaemenid King based on Mythlogical Insights

AbstractIn any society, the sources of legitimacy are justified by the traditions that govern the community; the king arrives at a metaphoric royal position in ancient Iran instead of an objective physical entity, and in this transformation it is necessary to reflect the concepts rather than the body. His material is a reflection of the exemplary notions in which he stands. As one of the exemplars of the concept of “divine religion”, a discourse is formed around the king’s body, in which there is a kind of superiority for increasing power and legitimacy. The questions of this study are: How does the material body in power relations become a body that is believable to the people? How did the discourse of the king’s ideal body reflect on the literature and art of that period? The main question is what attributes played a role in the legitimacy of the king that made the material body of the king distinct and superior to the ideal body and legitimacy of power. For this reason, in this article, various aspects of the Achaemenid king’s body functions are examined and analyzed, and how the process of shah’s body shaping discourse is shaped and deepened into a type of attitude toward legitimacy is gained. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse of the Achaemenid king’s body in the form of active behaviors through the exploration of written and visual sources. The research hypothesis is based on the premise that what emerged as a discourse centered around the king’s body, derived from Iranian mythology, reflected in a series of symbolic functions in the Achaemenid idealist body. The findings and results show that all of these collections are indications that the triple concepts of King Farahmand’s body, warrior and blessings have been enhanced in the interest of power.Keywords: Ideal Body, Active Behaviors, Legitimacy, Mythology, Achaemenid King.IntroductionAfter the establishment, the political ruler has always sought to gain legitimacy by reducing direct influence to maintain the state by making changes in the state discourse indirectly and by deceptive and subtle signs. The government disguises itself in various guises to show the subtle domination of power. In ancient Iran, the king was the most faultless person and representative of the gods on earth, and a creature full of divine powers. In this transformation it was necessary for his objective body to reflect the concepts of the ideal King’s example in order to obtain the necessary legitimacy. Applying the concepts of legitimacy, especially the importance of the Divine Faith as the focal point of ideal King, forms a discourse around the king’s body, in which a kind of material superiority with supranational functions is promoted to enhance power and legitimacy. Transcendental functions of the body, relying on preexisting knowledge, place the king’s power above the legitimate others.Evidence of this is seen in narrations and stories as one of the bases of power since they incorporate elements of power within the symbolic relationship. The key question is what attributes played a role in the legitimacy of the king that made the material body of the king different and superior to the ideal in terms of power, which is also believed by the people. The results show that the representation of the Achaemenid King’s body was shaped around a king’s body based on a mythological knowledge in the form of a set of propositions, narratives, stories, and pictures as interactive functions. All of these collections are illustrations that incorporate the triple concepts of the function of the king’s supernatural body in the form of a wise king, a warrior, and a blessing for the purposes of power discourse.Research Objectives and Necessity: The purpose of this research is to analyze the discourse of the Achaemenid King in the form of active behaviors through the exploration of written and visual sources.Research Questions and Assumptions: 1 How does the king’s body become a supernatural and exemplary body in relation to power? 2 How has the discourse of the king’s ideal body been reflected in literature and art? The research hypothesis is based on the premise that what emerged as a discourse centered around the king’s body, derived from Iranian mythology, dominated a series of symbolic functions to gain legitimacy in the Achaemenid body has been reflected.Mythological Insights and KnowledgeThe legitimacy of an affair emerges when its propositional side is the same as the belief in the propositions of knowledge; this insight provides the legitimacy necessary for legislation. Insight enables one to create a form of expressive, prescriptive, and meticulous speech that is appropriate. The characteristic of this insight is to generate enormous volumes of empowering actions embodied within the subject. One of the most important areas for expanding insight is narrative. The narrative format is used to develop insight discourse. The narrative transmission of insights in the form of folk tales allows the community to interpret the criteria of its power. The narrative has authority, and all morality and legitimacy lie within the narrative. Poweroriented insight is shaped by taking advantage of existing insights or making changes to that set of speech to fit its needs. The king in the Achaemenid era is a mythological vision; in the mythical vision every action is a repetition of practice that has been modeled once and for all since the beginning of myths.ConclusionAccording to the propositions expressed in historical texts, it can be said that each one’s message seeks to induce a single message, which is the authority and legitimacy of the ideal king with metamaterial bodily functions. These statements are not intended to express the true character, but to explain the king’s personality as a sample of the behavior of a specimen of good and apt creation, and represent the king’s attempt to display a godly representation of his personality. His attributes are manifested by the characteristics of the gods and their earthly repetition. Most of the King’s similarity is focused on his position as the authentic seal and supplier of the covenant with Ahuramazda. Farah was a divine and Ahuraic force that shows one’s ability and invincibility. Having a king in Iran required race, archery, equestrian, physical strength, divine power, immortality, and so forth. Applying these concepts around the material body throughout life, the accompanying behavioral, locating, and scheduling behaviors accompany the metamorphosis of the king’s body. The king’s physical ability and skill in archery and hunting is due to the divine power bestowed on him. The king has a heavenly routed birth. His divine election, even when he was a child, is under the protection of the heavenly forces.  In the meantime, he has transformed himself into the king until he attains the role of mediator in the continuation of the cosmic order of the army and by placing his body in courtly relations such as coronation and symbolic deeds. All of this emphasizes the heavenly glory and divinity of the ideal king. The functional functions of the physical body of the king in various spatial and temporal positions have been used as an intangible tool of power in order to show different effects of the king’s distinction and legitimacy. In essence, the constant propaganda of power and knowledge to prove the legitimacy of government and the repetition of coherent propositions in a series of historical narratives and narratives has made the discourse of the body, with its particular formulations, a selfevident truth.