سلیمان‌تپه، تل بکسایه و سبعات‌کهریز (تلاش برای یافتن سه محوطۀ نخست ثبتی آثار ملی ایران)

حدود 90 سال از اقدام برای ثبت نخستین آثار تاریخی در ایران می گذرد. این اقدام به تلاش آندره گدار فرانسوی که به تازگی رئیس ادارۀ نوبنیاد عتیقات ایران شده بود، انجام پذیرفت. به نظر می رسد او و همکارانش، 9 اثر صدر فهرست ثبتی که همگی در محدودۀ پشتکوه لرستان واقع شده بودند را براساس گزارش ژاک دِ مُرگان، دیگر فرانسوی نام آشنای باستان شناسی ایران که از آن ها دیدن کرده بود، مستندنگاری کرده بودند. نکتۀ جالب این مسئله، آثار یک تا سه فهرست مدنظر است که به نام های «سلیمان تپه، «تل بکسایه و «سبعات خزیر (سبعات کهریز) ثبت شده و اطلاعی درستی از آن ها در دسترس نیست. موقعیت هر سه محوطه در اسناد نخست و به روز شدۀ دفتر ثبت آثار میراث فرهنگی، به طور کلی کشور عراق عنوان شده و گاه شناختی آن ها را دورۀ عیلامی پنداشته اند. نگارندگان در این نوشتار در تلاش هستند تا براساس گزارش دِ مُرگان، نقشه های دو قرن اخیر، عکس های ماهواره ای و اسناد کشمکش های مرزی ایرانعثمانی/عراق در اواخر دورۀ قاجار و اوایل دورۀ پهلوی سرنخ هایی از این محوطه ها به دست آورند. آنچه که مشهود است، این سه محوطه در سه نقطۀ مختلف کشور عراق و در نزدیکی مرز ایران (محدودۀ امروزین استان ایلام) واقع شده اند. از قرار معلوم، دِ مُرگان تنها از سلیمان تپه (تپه تورساق) و زیرزیر تپه که در استان دیاله قرار دارند، دیدن کرده است؛ و احتمالاً از دو اثر بکسایه و سبعات کهریز طبق شنیده ها و رجوع به والی پشتکوه و اطرافیان او و همچنین نقشه های منتشر شده از هیات تحدید حدود مرزی ایران و عثمانی گزارش نموده است. پرسش ها ی پژوهش عبارتنداز:  آیا سه زیستگاه باستانی موردنظر قابل رصد و شناسایی هستند؟ آیا دِ مُرگان در موقعیت مکانی این سه محوطه در خاک ایران دچار اشتباه شده است؟ بر اساس اسناد ثبتی، تا چه اندازه عیلامی بودن این محوطه ها محتمل است؟ در این نوشتار علاوه بر این که به برخی از اسناد مهم در بازۀ زمانی مورد نظر رجوع خواهیم کرد؛ تلاش می شود با تلفیقی از متون، وارسی نقشه های تاریخی و سنجش از راه دور به پرسش های پیش گفته، پاسخ درخوری داده شود. ضمن این که به عکس های ماهواره ای امروزین (گوگل ارث) و قدیمی (کرونا) بسیار تکیه شده تا بهترین درک از ویژگی های ساختاری و محیطی مناطق مورد بحث به دست آید. درنهایت، طبق شواهد ارائه شده در این نوشتار، نگارندگان معتقدند که هیچ کدام از آثار فوق توالی گاه شناختی مربوط به دورۀ عیلام ندارند.

Sulaiman Tapa, Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kahriz (A quest to find Three Lost National Nominated Sites)

AbstractIn 1931, The archaeological sites of Sulaiman Tapa, Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kahriz were registered in the National Iranian Registry of Sites, but since then, their exact location remained unknown. According to the Cultural Heritage monuments list, the Location of all three sites are in Iraq. In this article we have attempted to find clues about the location of these three sites, according to De Morgan’s reports, satellite photographs, Historical maps and documents related to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods of the IranOttoman Border conflict. Our evaluations indicate that these three sites are located in three different locations inside modern Iraq Iran’s political border somewhere around Ilam province. In this article, the authors try to answer these three questions: Have these sites been inside Iranian border in Qajar and Pahlavi periods? Are these three sites traceable? Could the mentioned sites be dated to the Elamite period?Keywords: National Iranian Registry, Sulaiman Tapa, Tele Baksaye, Seba’āte Kahriz, Pushti Kuh Luristan, borderland.IntroductionJeanJacques De Morgan was a French mining engineer, geologist, and archaeologist who had travelled to all across the Iranian plateau before starting excavations at Susa. During his visit to Pushti Kuh, De Morgan was hosted by HusseinGholi Khan, the governor of this region for more than a month. in Etudes geographques, he indicates to these ancient sites of Sulaiman Tapa, Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kheriz (Tchaharriz) located west and south of Pushti Kuh beyond the Iranian current border. André Godard, another French archaeologist was assigned to serve the newfounded Iranian Archeological Service in 1922. He was responsible for registering and restoring the national heritage monuments. The first three monuments that were recorded in Godard’s list were Sulaiman Tapa, Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kheriz. It seems that Godard had used De Morgan’s book to present Pushti Kuh monuments.DiscussionDuring the last centuries, the western border of Iran has always been the matter of dispute between Iran and its neighbors. The conflicts between the Iranian and Ottoman governments began in the Safavid era. In 1850 some joint commissions were appointed to settle the border disputes and their work were underway for about 70 years. These commissions were mediated by Russian and British representatives in the region. The present borders of Iran and Iraq are the result of these commissions. During and before these commissions the nomads of the region were easily crossing the border. The Baksaye or Baghe Shahi area nowadays on Iraqi soil was part of the Pushti kuh governor’s estate. But as the Pahlavi era began, the last governor fled to Iraq and the region was permanently separated from Iran.De Morgan only gave an explanation of his visit to the Tursaq area. He has been silent about the two districts of the Baksaye and the Tib River Basin. It seems that he has never been to these two areas. It sounds that local people or the governor himself have informed de Morgan about Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kahriz. he may also have access to the map of the Border Commission in which these two sites have been mentioned. In the map of boundary delimitation committee all three areas of Tursaq, Baksaye and Seba’āte Kahriz Sabah are attested and their location are shown.ConclusionSome 90 years after registering of Tursaq sites (Sulaiman and Zirzir Tapa), as well as Tele Baksaye and Seba’āte Kahriz sites in the of Iranian National list of Registered Sites, an opportunity presented itself to gather information on the latter using written documents, historical maps and remote sensing techniques. The Tursaq complex, which has been registered under the name of Sulaiman Tapa, is essentially two separated, yet nearby settlements. According to the illustrated report by the Iraqi Antiquities Department published in 1967, Tursaq has deposits dating to the Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, whereas according to Jacques de Morgan the sites date to the Kassite period, while the National Iranian Registry of Sites refer to the site as Elamite. As for Baksaye, de Morgan only refers to the site’s name and it is registered on the Iranian list. Based on the Iraqi Atlas of Archaeological Sites, the latter site, a cluster of several small sites in the Baksaye area next to the IranIraq border in Mehran region, dates back to Old Assyrian, Kassite and Islamic times. The third site, erroneously registered on the list as Seba’āte Khariz is in fact Seba’āte Kahriz (Seven Kariz) in the north of the Maysan Province of Iraq. According to De Morgan and the Iranian list this site is Elamite, but our analyses of satellite and aerial images suggest that the site might in fact belong to SeleucidParthian, and perhaps Sasanian periods.