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ساغر ضیافت؛ تفسیر یک نقش مایۀ باستانی با کمک ساغرهای ملامچه، کانیکوتر و حسنلو
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نویسنده
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ساعدموچشی امیر ,رضائی ایرج ,مهاجرینژاد عبدالرضا ,عزیزی اقبال
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منبع
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مطالعات باستان شناسي پارسه - 1398 - دوره : 3 - شماره : 7 - صفحه:43 -56
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چکیده
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در بین نقوش برجای مانده مربوط به دوران تاریخی میان رودان و ایران، از هزارۀ سوم قبل ازمیلاد تا اواسط هزارۀ نخست قبل ازمیلاد، نقشی از یک شئ خاص در دست خدایان، شاهان و اشراف زادگان دیده می شود که گاهی نمای ظاهری آن بسیار شبیه به یک ساغر و گاهی نیز شبیه گل لوتوس است. تاکنون دربارۀ ماهیت و کاربری دقیق شئ مذکور اظهارنظر روشنی از سوی پژوهشگران ارائه نشده است. اخیراً در کاوش گورستان ماناییِ ملامچه و نیز در گور عصر آهنی کانی کوتر در محدودۀ زیویه مجموعاً هفت عدد ساغر سفالی یافت شده که دارای بدنۀ باریک و دهانه ایی گشاد هستند که در برخی موارد ساده و در برخی موارد منقوش اند و ظاهری شبیه به گل لوتوس دارند. در کاوش های تپۀ حسنلو نیز یک ساغر لعاب دار با ویژگی های مشابه نمونه های ملامچه و کانی کوتر به دست آمده است. با توجه به مفهوم نمادین گل لوتوس در فرهنگ های باستانی و نیز فرم و تزیین آن ها، به نظر می رسد که ساغرهای مورد بحث کاربری ویژه ای داشته اند. علاوه بر این به نظر می رسد که نمونه های ملامچه و کانی کوتر از لحاظ شکل و کاربری احتمالی، با برخی از نمونه های نقوش مورد بحث در این نوشتار قابل مقایسه است. احتمالاً این نوع ساغر چه در نقوش روی اشیاء باستانیِ مختلف و چه در این مکان ها یا نقاط دیگر، جزو ظروف معمولی با کاربری عمومی نبوده؛ بلکه به نظر می رسد که توسط اشخاص بلندمرتبه در مراسم ها و ضیافت های ویژه و شاید هم برای نوشیدن مایعات خاص استفاده می شده است. گور کانی کوتر غنی است و بافت گورهای حاوی ساغرهای ملامچه به لحاظ گورآوندها غنی تر از سایر گورها بوده و به نظر می رسد که استفاده کنندگان از این ساغرها از موقعیت برتری نسبت به سایرین برخوردار بوده اند. ساغر حسنلو نیز به همراه ظروف لعاب دار محلی و مشابه نمونه های شاخص محلی و بین النهرینی و در اتاقی ویژه به دست آمد. در نقوش برجای مانده نیز استفاده کنندگان از ساغرها، دارای موقعیت برتر اجتماعی نسبت به دیگران هستند. در این مقاله علاوه بر مقایسۀ شکل ظاهری ساغرهای به دست آمده از ملامچه با نقوش برجای مانده از دوره های پیشین، آزمایش کروماتوگرافی نیز بر روی ساغرها انجام شد که متاسفانه، هیچ گونه دادۀ آزمایشگاهی مبنی بر کاربرد آن به دست نیامد.
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کلیدواژه
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ساغر سفالی، ضیافت، ملامچه، کانی کوتر، حسنلو، نقوش باستانی.
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آدرس
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دانشگاه پیام نور مرکز تهران, دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری, استادیار گروه هنر و معماری, ایران, دانشگاه تهران, دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علومانسانی, گروه باستانشناسی, ایران, پژوهشکدۀ باستانشناسی پژوهشگاه میراثفرهنگی و گردشگری, گروه تاریخ, ایران, ادارۀ کل میراثفرهنگی, صنایعدستی و گردشگری استان کردستان, ایران
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Banquet Beaker; Interpreting an Ancient Object on the Base of Pottery Beakers from Mala Mcha, Kani Koter and Hasanlu
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Authors
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ساعدموچشی امیر ,رضائی ایرج
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Abstract
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AbstractAmong the ancient motifs from Iran and Mesopotamia, some pictures showing special shaped beakers can be seen but unfortunately no explicit comment has been made on the nature and function of these forms by researchers. Recently, 7 pottery beakers have been found in a Mannaean cemetery (Mala Mcha) and and Iron Age grave (Kani Koter) in northwestern Iran and authors are believed that their shape and possible function are compatible with some of these ancient motifs dating back from the third millennium B.C. to the Achaemenid period. A glazed beaker from Tepe Hasanlu which belongs to Iron Age II also has the same characteristics as the Mala Mcha and Kani Koter examples. Considering the symbolic meaning of the Lotus flower in ancient cultures, as well as their form and decoration, it seems that the Mala Mcha, Kani Koter and Hasanlu pottery beakers have a special application. Previously some researchers in some cases have interpreted these motifs as a Barsom (Barsam) or flower (often lotus). The authors propose that these objects that can be seen on ancient reliefs or ivories are simple or painted beakers equivalent to the clay beakers unearthed in these sites. Probably this type of beaker was not used as normal container, but it seems to have been utilized by highlevel people during special events and banquets perhaps for drinking prized liquids. In addition, it seems that the samples of the Mala Mcha, Kani Koter and Hasanlu in terms of shape and possible there function, are comparable with some of the patterns of the motifs discussed in this paper. The grave of Kani Koter is rich and belonged to a warrior of high status. Also the graves of Mala Mcha which had pottery beakers were richer than other graves, and it seems that the users of them have superior position over others. The glazed beaker of Hasanlu was as well as obtained from a room with local and Mesopotamian specimens in a special room. In ancient motifs, users of these objects have a superior social position than others. In this paper, in addition to comparing the shape of the beakers of Mala Mcha, Kani Koter and Hasanlu with the remaining ancient motifs, Chromatography experiments were carried out which unfortunately, did not receive any laboratory data on its application.Keywords: Pottery Beaker, Banquet, Mala Mcha, Kani Koter, Hasanlu, Ancient Motifs.IntroductionArchaeological excavation in 2012 at the Mala Mcha Cemetery near the ancient Mannaean site of Ziwiye in Kurdistan province, a number of very interesting pottery beakers were found which, according to the authors, seems to be the objects depicted in the images of ancient motifs from the third millennium BC until the Achaemenid era in the Middle East and Iran. Examples of these motifs are presented in the papers.From Mala Mcha cemetery, five pottery beakers were found with a narrow body, and a large mouth that three beakers were identified from grave No. 5. Another two beakers is excavated from grave No. 7. The graves of 5 and 7, those containing these beakers are richer than others. The special shape of these beakers shows that they have probably had a special function. The painted beakers have a petal shape similar to lotus flowers. These potteries are often have a fine temper, wellfired, burnished, wheelmade and are comparable with Ziwiye potteries. The Garve of Kani Koter is located in the near of Mala Mcha and its tomb was destroyed by illegal excavator. The burial goods of it is rescued by Cultural Heritage of Kurdistan province. In Kani Koter grave 2 blue glazed beaker obtained which resemble to plain beakers of Mala Mcha. Different objects were obtained from this grave that indicating its richness that its artifacts is dated to Iron Age III.In addition to these pottery beakers, a glazed pottery from the Burned Building II of Hasanlu (Iron Age II) also has a form and decorations that are almost identical to the pottery beakers of Mala Mcha and Kani Koter. In addition to these beakers, a number of glazed terracotta jars are also identified in the same layer that depicted them in Assyrian reliefs. Hasanlu’s sample is also one of the few glazed pottery that is of high quality and obtained with ivory and special objects, and it is believed that these objects are derived from the cultic context of Burned Building II of Hasanlu. The shape, motifs and the place of Hasanlu’s glazed beaker are indicative of its importance. The Excavator of Hasanlu believes that this beaker is made in the Solduz region, although it’s very similarity with objects from neighboring areas. It should be noted that the similarity between the burial goods of the Mala Mcha’s finds with the Mesopotamia and Iran is not limited to beakers and visible in other objects. A number of Mala Mcha vessels are similar to the Pasargadae and Assyrians potteries and artifacts of Kani Koter is resemble to Urartian, Assyrian and Mannaean samples. In Hasanlu’s excavation, various objects have been compared with the images of neighboring areas, and in particular the Assyrian. Ancient Motifs and Interdisciplinary Test In the ancient motif of the Mesopotamia and Iran sometimes a picture of a particular object is seen that used by some highranking people or gods, which has so far not been accurately detected about its nature and application. This object, often with a narrow body and a wide mouth, has a length of at least one beaker which according to the authors of this article can be a picture of a beaker. This image (beaker) is seen from the third millennium BC to the middle of the first millennium BC but in the first millennium BC is more. In this paper some ancient motifs with resemble picture like a seal impression from Tell Asmar that belong to third millennium BC, an ivory from Nimrud (1000850 BC), Assyrian wall relief from TiglathPilesar III from Nimrud have been compared. Among the palace reliefs of the Assyrian period; Sargon II (722705 BC), there are similar motifs. In this motif, there is a banquet subject that is used this beakers, although its beaker is not exactly the same with the samples obtained from western Iranian excavations. Similar discussed beaker is seen in the Esarhaddon stone stele from Zanjirli. Some of the images in the following periods like Persepolis’s plain beakers which is seen in the hands of elite Persian and Median nobles on the East and north side of the Apadana is resemble to pottery beakers. These images are also presented as flowers. The similar picture is also seen in the rockcut tombs of Qizqapan. To understand the function and the type of material used in the beakers of Mala Mcha, a chromatographic test was performed on them, which unfortunately did not produce the data that indicated their use. ConclusionIn some ancient motifs in the Mesopotamia and Iran from the third millennium BC to the Achaemenid period, a picture of a beakerlike object is seen in the hands of the gods and highranking people. These objects are depicted in important places or on important objects such as ivory. According to the authors, the similarity of the five pottery beakers from Mala Mcha graveyard and tow similar beakers form the tomb of Kani Koter, as well as a sample of beaker from Tepe Hasanlu IV could be considered as suitable samples for the type of function of these vessels. The motifs are also reminiscent of the role of the Lotus flower, a symbolic flower in the Middle East. The use of painted beakers that is the same can be seen reminder of Lotus flowers.
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Keywords
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Pottery Beaker ,Banquet ,Mala Mcha ,Kani Koter ,Hasanlu ,Ancient Motifs.
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