بررسی تطبیقی فرآیند ساخت در هنر سنگ‌تراشی پیش‌از‌تاریخ جنوب‌شرق ایران و سنگ هرکارۀ مشهد در دوران معاصر

اشیاء سنگی در میان انواع آثار ساخته شده از گونه های مختلف سنگ، از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است که در ساخت اشیاء سنگی نوع شئ و کاربرد آن در انتخاب گونۀ سنگ تاثیر زیادی دارد. به علاوه بوم آوردی مصالح برای هنرمند و صنعتگر باعث رشد هنری و فنی ساخت اشیاء سنگی در مناطق مختلف گردیده است. ازجمله سنگ های شاخصی که از دوران پیش از تاریخ تا به امروز به سبب ماهیت کاربردی و تزئینی اش مقبولیت بسیاری یافته و چندین هزار سال مورد استفاده قرارگرفته، سنگ های نرم تزئینی با رنگ های سیاه، سبز، خاکستری معروف به کلریت هستند. در این مقاله با رویکرد تحلیلی و فنیِ مبتنی بر مطالعات تطبیقی به بررسی گونه ها، گستردگی و روش های ساخت و تزئین سنگ کلریت در دوران باستان (محوطه های باستان شناختی حوزۀ جنوب شرق ایران) و معاصر (کارگاه های سنگ تراشی مشهد) پرداخته می شود؛ براساس هدف یاد شده مهم ترین پرسش هایی که اساس پژوهش حاضر را تشکیل می دهند؛ 1 فن شناسی و روش های ساخت آثار ظروف کلریتی پیش ازتاریخی به دست آمده از محوطه های جنوب شرق ایران، چگونه است؟ جهت پاسخ به پرسش یاد شده به بررسی آثار سنگی کلریتی در محوطه هایی همچون تپه یحیی، شهداد، جیرفت و شهرسوخته پرداخته شده است. 2 چگونگی ساخت و روش های تولید آثار سنگی هرکاره در شهر مشهد و مقایسۀ آن با نمونه های پیش ازتاریخ در پژوهش حاضر است؟ با انجام بررسی های میدانی و تطبیقی موجود مابین روش های تولید و آثار پیش ازتاریخی مطرح شده با دوران معاصر به این پرسش پاسخ داده شود. روش به کار رفته در پژوهش حاضر استفاده از منابع مکتوب پژوهشگرانی است که در این زمینه پژوهش هایی انجام داده اند. در کنار روش کتابخانه ای از داده های میدانی، از قبیل مطالعۀ سنگ های کلریتی محوطه های پیش ازتاریخ یاد شده و تطبیق آن با هرکارۀ مشهد، استفاده شده است. نتیجه بررسی حاضر نشان دهنده ی وجود قابلیت های کاربردی در هنر سنگ تراشی معاصر باتوجه به پیشینۀ چند هزار ساله و خواص تزئینی سنگ کلریت، در احیاء دوبارۀ این صنعتِ هنری است.

Comparative Study of the Manufacturing Stone Carving Process of the Prehistoric SouthEast of Iran & Mashhad Harkareh Stone in the Contemporary Period

AbstractStones are important and durable material in construction building; objects and make cultural artifact on the prehistory until now. Objects are very important between the entire artifacts that made by stone, Easy stuff catches for artist due to improve making stone object in the different region. One of the most important stone in the prehistoric of Iran that is good material for carving and applies in life was chlorite. A best attribute for decorated due to this metamorphism stone used in all of Iran history so after 5000 years, this time some workshop in Mashhad city is Functioning and must be support these for improve industrials and identity this handicraft in contemporary, Hence in this paper by Analytical and technical approach based on comparative studies to examine the species, extent , methods of making and decorating stone chlorite in ancient times (archeological areas in the South East of Iran) and contemporary (Mashhad  carving stone workshops) will be paid. The result of this research show that we need rehabilitation this industrial decoration by bankroll  of the history background of carving chlorite stone and also try to find a new technology for improve  quantity and quality  making in Kerman province and Mashhad city According to the chlorite stone sources  in contemporary. Meanwhile, Iran’s stonecutting art with its various uses in buildings and monuments over the thousands of years of flourishing its artists have created remarkable masterpieces of various types of stone. One of the most prominent stones in the prehistory of Iran due to its functional and decorative nature and has been used for thousands of years, is the chlorite which is under the main branches of the Metamorphic rocks. In the ancient world, chlorite stones were used as fillings for necklaces, stamps, religious sculptures, burners, bowls, pots, jars and other kitchen utensils, molds for molding copper and bronze, and in some cases has been used as Pottery fillers. Keywords: Comparative Study, Chlorite Stone, Halil Civilization, Technology, Harkareh Mashhad.IntroductionGenerally, the most important reasons that led to the use of these stones from the prehistoric period to the present are as follows: Availability and ease of mining operations, ease of mining, ease of carving (simplicity of decorating, shaping, cutting, engraving, etc.), appropriate heat resistance (phaseshifting properties), porosity and density above is chemically neutral to acids and bases. The purpose of the present study was to identify more and better the prehistoric (Bronze Age) chlorite containers southeast of the Iranian plateau and study the methods of making the above mentioned containers Also, their comparative studies with the works and methods of making chlorite containers of Mashhad in contemporary are. The present study is an effective step in understanding the traditional methods of stone construction in Mashhad which has now fallen out of economic prosperity and production because of advanced machinery and machine mechanization and it will forget and not pass it on to future generations. It is, therefore, hoped that by further knowledge and extensive study of such arts and crafts in the past, it would be prevented from being erased in the mind of the contemporary man. In the present study, it is attempted to address two basic and important questions in the field of techno lithic works of chlorite and its comparison with contemporary lithography in Mashhad. In the first stage, it was attempted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the technology and methods of making prehistoric chlorite works from the southeastern parts of Iran. Therefore, to answer this question, have been referred to reviews of areas such as Yahya, Shahdad, Jiroft and Shahr e sokhteh sites. The second question in the present study was how to construct and methods of stone work in Mashhad. In this regard, it has been attempted to answer this question with comparative field studies existing between the methods of production and the prehistoric works of contemporary times. Considering the importance of lithography and the creation of chlorite art in prehistoricIranian to contemporary times and its ability to be revitalized as an artindustry, the present study together with the analysis and description of information and data from archaeological studies followed the various stages of production and decoration of chlorite stones in ancient and contemporary times as well as comparing their subtle and subtle changes in terms of construction technology and their decorative and qualitative differences over time. For this reason, it has been attempted to address the above issues by using library and field studies.ConclusionIn an overview of today’s state of this art industry in Iran and especially in Mashhad as the only active producer in the country it can be said that it retains some of the ancient methods that add to its authenticity. But new machinery and marketization, in contrast to its religious and antiquity in antiquity and many other issues, have led to a lack of creators’ sales and cheating in the production of poor quality works. Also, since there has been no attempt by the Cultural Heritage and Crafts Organization to revive traditional designs and not to repeat past poor quality work the industry today has been artificially depleted and its creativity has been lost in most cases, and it is not reproduced at present with the repetition of the past. Therefore, it is recommended that by investing in this industry, it should be positioned among the export basket and dynamic handicrafts of the country. Today, countries such as India, which have had significant stonemaking industry in the past, have today advanced the industry by investing and encouraging craftsmen to produce handicrafts from various stones. It has become one of the country’s most important artistic exports. In the contemporary era and state of the art in the country today, the issue of identifying materials and tools used in traditional arts and examining the possibility of producing them while maintaining their authenticity is of great importance. Considering the continuity of the industry art of lithography of soft rock, and in particular chlorite, for about 5,000 years in the country, Unfortunately, new products have had a remarkable decline in quality given the simplicity of the work and the mechanization of many of the actions. This applied industry is becoming a lowquality decorative industry. In this regard, the stone industry of Mashhad, which is today the only place and the most active center for the production and decoration of chlorite stone objects in Iran, needs serious attention because its products have undergone a severe decline in quality over the past few decades. In addition, with the loss of old masters, efficient young people have not been attracted to it. Therefore, considering the abundant resources of chlorite rock in Khorasan and Kerman province, there is potential for activating and enhancing the quality of its production in these centers by studying its artistic and industrial capabilities as well as trying to The revival of traditional designs and nonrepetition of current highquality work, as well as their uptodate productivity and new technology can be achieved by artisans and artists.